COCCOIDEA
(scale insects, coccids)

Interactions where COCCOIDEA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
		is predated by			Anatis ocellata	Eyed Ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Anatis ocellata/	Anatis ocellata	eyed ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by			Aphidecta obliterata	Larch Ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Aphidecta obliterata/	Aphidecta obliterata	larch ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by			Exochomus quadripustulatus	Pine Ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Exochomus quadripustulatus/	Exochomus quadripustulatus	pine ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by			Myzia oblongoguttata	Striped Ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Myzia oblongoguttata/	Myzia oblongoguttata	striped ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by			Nephus quadrimaculatus	a ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Nephus quadrimaculatus/	Nephus quadrimaculatus	a ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by			Scymnus suturalis	a ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Scymnus (Pullus) suturalis/	Scymnus (Pullus) suturalis	a ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by			Scymnus nigrinus	a ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Scymnus (Scymnus) nigrinus/	Scymnus (Scymnus) nigrinus	a ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids	?							is predator of
		is predated by larva			Anthribus nebulosus	a fungus weevil	Coleoptera: Anthribidae	Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Anthribidae/Anthribus nebulosus/	Anthribus nebulosus	a fungus weevil				larva	Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids								larva is predator of
		may be a slave of			FORMICIDAE	ants	Hymenoptera	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Formicidae/	Formicidae	ants					Animal / slave maker			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids								makes a slave of
		colony is parasitised by stroma			Myriangium duriaei	an ascomycete	Myriangiales: Myriangiaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Myriangiales/Myriangiaceae/Myriangium duriaei/	Myriangium duriaei	an ascomycete				stroma	Animal / parasite			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids				colony				stroma parasitises colony
		is parasitised by			Cosmospora flammea	a lichenicolous fungus	Hypocreales: Nectriaceae	Nectria flammea (Tulasne) Dingley, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 79: 189, 1951, Booth, C., 1972	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Nectriaceae/Cosmospora flammea/	Cosmospora flammea	a lichenicolous fungus					Animal / parasite			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids					Sole			parasitises
(completely enveloped)		completely enveloped imago is parasitoid host of gregarious, subiculate stroma			Cordyceps clavulata	Bug Sputnik	Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae	British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978 Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae/Cordyceps clavulata/	Cordyceps clavulata	bug sputnik		gregarious, subiculate		stroma	Animal / parasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids		completely enveloped		imago				gregarious, subiculate stroma is parasitoid of completely enveloped imago
(hedges and trees inhabiting)		hedges and trees inhabiting is predated by larva			Anthribus fasciatus	a fungus weevil	Coleoptera: Anthribidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992 Orthocerous Weevils, Morris, M.G., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Anthribidae/Anthribus fasciatus/	Anthribus fasciatus	a fungus weevil				larva	Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids		hedges and trees inhabiting						larva is predator of hedges and trees inhabiting
(live)		live may be infected by			Neozygites lecanii	an entomophagous fungus	Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae	Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato, Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982	/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Entomophthorales/Neozygitaceae/Neozygites lecanii/	Neozygites lecanii	an entomophagous fungus					Animal / pathogen			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids		live						infects live
(Willow (Salix) inhabiting)		Willow (Salix) inhabiting is predated by			Chilocorus renipustulatus	Kidney-spot Ladybird	Coleoptera: Coccinellidae	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Coccinellidae/Chilocorus renipustulatus/	Chilocorus renipustulatus	kidney-spot ladybird					Animal / predator			/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Coccoidea/	Coccoidea	scale insects, coccids		Willow (Salix) inhabiting						is predator of Willow (Salix) inhabiting

COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids) may be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

INSECTA
(true insects)

COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Booth, C., 1972	Nectria flammea (Tulasne) Dingley, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 79: 189, 1951	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 715.
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Bullock, J.A., 1992	Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations	11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Dennis, R.W.G., 1978	British Ascomycetes	Revised and enlarged edition, 585pp, J. Cramer
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Morris, M.G., 1990	Orthocerous Weevils	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5 Part 16, 108pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982	Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato	Bull. Br. mycol Soc. 16, 113-143, 1982 Bull. Br. mycol. Soc. 16 (2): 113-143.

Subtaxon				Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Aondia lauri (Bay Scale)				Species		1 trophisms	1 references
ASTEROLECANIIDAE pit scales				Family	4 subtaxa	5 trophisms	1 references
Aulacaspis rosae Scurfy Scale, Rose Scale				Species		2 trophisms
Aulacaspis yasumatsui (Cycad Scale)				Species		2 trophisms	1 references
Ceroplastes floridensis (Forida Wax Scale)				Species			1 references
COCCIDAE soft scales				Family	18 subtaxa	241 trophisms	12 references
DIASPIDIDAE armoured scales				Family	5 subtaxa	44 trophisms	3 references
ERIOCOCCIDAE felt scales				Family	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
MONOPLEBIDAE giant scales				Family	1 subtaxa	8 trophisms	2 references
ORTHEZIIDAE ensign scales				Family	1 subtaxa		1 references
PSEUDOCOCCIDAE mealybugs				Family	6 subtaxa	71 trophisms	4 references

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Superfamily	COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids)
Suborder	STERNORRHYNCHA (a suborder of bugs)
Order	HEMIPTERA (bugs)
Division	Exopterygota (earwigs, grasshoppers, stoneflies, true bugs, and other insects with wings developing externally)
Infraclass	Neoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
Subclass	PTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
Class	INSECTA (true insects)
Subphylum	HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
Phylum	ARTHROPODA (arthropods)
Superphylum	ECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
Clade	Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Subkingdom	EUMETAZOA (metazoans)
Kingdom	ANIMALIA (animals)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

COCCOIDEA is also a member of:
Invertebrates - Invertebrates (via Arthropoda)

Identification Works

	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Malumphy, C.		Bedfordshire Scale Insects	www.bnhs.co.uk/focuson/scales/html/index.htm
Families
()	Malumphy, C.	2015	Detection and identification of scale insects families (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)
Ferns
()	Malumphy, C.	2012	Scale insect pests of ornamental ferns grown indoors in Britain	The Pteridologist Vol 5(5): 306-311.

COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

General Literature

A review of the Irish scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

Regional/Bedfordshire

Scale insects and whiteflies (Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Aleyrodidae) of Bedfordshire

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to COCCOIDEA (scale insects, coccids):

STERNORRHYNCHA
(a suborder of bugs)

HEMIPTERA
(bugs)

PTERYGOTA
(bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

EUMETAZOA
(metazoans)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

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