BioInfo (UK)
INSECTA (insects)
Further Information
| Notes (MWS) | Insects are characterised by having six legs. Of course there are exceptions: many larvae have no or additional legs (but these are stumpy and obviously different); some adults, especially parasitic forms, have reduced legs. Finally not everything with six legs is an insect: juvenile mites and copepods are both six-legged. Insects have a chitin exoskeleton. Because this is impermeable to gases, they have a system of branching internal breathing tubes (trachaea) connecting to the outside through paired openings (spiracles) on each segment (generally). Because the exoskeleton is stiff, it is shed (ecdysis) regularly during growth; the number of moults is usually constant for a given species, and the stages between are called instars. Insects are the most species-rich group of organisms on the planet. |
| Diagnostic features | Almost all insects have six-legs, at least when adult. Almost all organisms with six legs are insects - the exceptions are very tiny, although spiders and harvestmen can lose two legs, so care needs to be taken. Any cold-blooded organism with wings (ie not bird or bat) is an insect. |
| Curation | Hard-bodied insects are generally pinned (the exception being beetles which are usually carded, and very small species.) Either way they often need to be relaxed after killing, unless you catch them just right. Soft-bodied species and larvae are best preserved specimen tubes in 90% alcohol. Use tubes with flat sealing caps ("alcohol tubes") rather than the 3-finned caps which aren't vapour-proof. To reduce evaporation, store the tubes in a sealed jar (jam jar or kilner jar) which itself contains a few cm of alcohol. |
| Lab. techniques | RELAXING Insects are best relaxed in a jar with a few drops of vinegar on a piece of kitchen towel in the bottom. Use a squat jar such as those sold containing savoury spreads. Small insects will relax overnight, larger or stiffer ones might require a couple of days. Beware that the acetic acid will turn copper or brass-headed pins green. MICROSCOPE PREPS Insects or insect parts can be softened in 10% KOH. This generally means heating in a water bath for 5 or 10 minutes (depending on size) or leaving overnight at room temperature. This is the usual method of preparing microscope slides, eg for genitalia preps. |
BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk)
has 21637 images of INSECTA (insects)
Subtaxa
| Rank | Taxon |  |
 |
 |
|---|
| Subclass | APTERYGOTA (primitively wingless insects) | 5 | 9 | 2 |
| Subclass | PTERYGOTA (winged insects) | 2343 | ||
| Infraclass | Neoptera (an infraclass of insects) | 2302 | 2686 | 16117 |
| Infraclass | Palaeoptera (dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies) | 41 | 62 | 16 |
Suggested Literature
Identification Works
| British Insects discussion group: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/british_insects/join | British Insects discussion group |
| Insects & Spiders from Finland : http://www.kolumbus.fi/hannu.j.tanner/coleoptera/ |
Insects & Spiders from Finland |
| Chinery, M., 2005 | Complete British Insects |
| Photos of Insects: http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/insects/index.htm | Photos of Insects |
| Imms, A.D., 1957 | General Textbook of Entomology |
| Linssen, E.F. & Newman, L.H., 1964 | The Observer's Book of Insects |
| Lepidoptera and some other life forms: http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/intro.html | Lepidoptera and some other life forms |
Freshwater | |
| Macan, T.T., 1959 (esp. larvae) | A Guide to Freshwater Invertebrates |
Keys to orders | |
| A quick key to the adults of the major Orders of Insects: http://www.wildlifebcnp.org/ecology-resources.htm | A quick key to the adults of the major Orders of Insects |
Larvae | |
Freshwater | |
| Macan, T.T., 1959 | A Guide to Freshwater Invertebrates |
Marine | |
| Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (eds), 1990 | The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and north-west Europe |
| Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (eds), 1996 (littoral and sublittoral fauna) | Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe |
Plant galls | |
| Houard, C., 1908 | Les zoocécidies des plantes d'Europe et du bassin de la Méditerranée: Description des galles |
General Works
INSECTA may also be covered by literature listed under:
|
BIOTA (living things) |
Eukaryota (eukaryotes) |
ANIMALIA (animals) |
EUMETAZOA (metazoans) |
ARTHROPODA (arthropods) |
HEXAPODA (hexapods) |
| Invertebrates (via Arthropoda) |
Feeding and other inter-species relationships
INSECTA is associated with:
Epipactis palustris - Marsh Helleborine (Asparagales: Orchidaceae) |
pollenates or fertilises flower | Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985 | ||
| adult | Serapias lingua - Greater Tongue Orchid | adult pollenates or fertilises flower | Harrap, A. & S., 2009 |
Associated with INSECTA:
Insecta may be associated with more taxa listed at higher taxonomic level
|
ANIMALIA (animals) |
ARTHROPODA (arthropods) |
| Invertebrates (via Arthropoda) |
References
| Diseases of the honey bee: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_of_the_honey_bee | Diseases of the honey bee |
| Avery, R.A., 1974 | Identification of Animal Parasites |
| Benson, R.B., 1952 | Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b) |
| Callaghan, A., 2004 | Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 22. Disclosure of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus from soils and leaf litters |
| Canter, H.M., 1953 | Annotated list of British Aquatic Chytrids |
| Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985 | Flora of the British Isles |
| Darwin, C., 1875 | Insectivorous Plants |
| Harrap, A. & S., 2009 | Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide |
| Haskins, R.H., 1946 | New Chytridiaceous fungi from Cambridge. |
| Moss, M, Spooner, B. & Mitchell, D.W., 2007 | Two rare and interesting entomogenous fungi from south-east England |
| Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959 | Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles |
| Stace, C., 1997 | New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 2) |
| van Emden, F.I.,, 1954 | Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae |
| Waterhouse, G.M. & Brady, B.L., 1982 | Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato |
| Weber, R.W.S. & Webster, J., 1998 | Teaching Techniques for Mycology: 5. Basidiobolus ranarum |
