Festuca (fescue grasses)

Interactions where Festuca is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Season	Summary
	is foodplant of pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Didymella phleina	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Didymellaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Didymellaceae/Didymella phleina/	Didymella phleina	an ascomycete		pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses							pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph feeds on
	debris is decayed by fruitbody	Psathyrella flexispora	a brittlestem	Agaricales: Psathyrellaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Psathyrellaceae/Psathyrella flexispora/	Psathyrella flexispora	a brittlestem			fruitbody	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses				debris			fruitbody is saprobic on debris
(dead)	dead is decayed by colony of Drechsler dematiaceous anamorph	Drechslera dematioidea	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae	Drechslera dematioidea, Punithalingam, E., 1990	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae/Drechslera dematioidea/	Drechslera dematioidea	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		colony	Drechsler dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		dead					colony of Drechsler dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on dead
(dead)	dead is decayed by effuse colony of Cylindrotrichum dematiaceous anamorph	Cylindrotrichum oligospermum	a dematiaceous hyphomycete	Chaetosphaeriales: Chaetosphaeriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Chaetosphaeriales/Chaetosphaeriaceae/Cylindrotrichum oligospermum/	Cylindrotrichum oligospermum	a dematiaceous hyphomycete	effuse	colony	Cylindrotrichum dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		dead					effuse colony of Cylindrotrichum dematiaceous anamorph is saprobic on dead
(live)	live is parasitised by colony of Drechslera dematiaceous anamorph	Drechslera festucae	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae/Drechslera festucae/	Drechslera festucae	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		colony	Drechslera dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / parasite	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live					colony of Drechslera dematiaceous anamorph parasitises live
inflorescence (live)	live inflorescence may be infected and damaged by pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph	Lidophia graminis	Twist		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Lidophia graminis/	Lidophia graminis	twist		pycnidium	Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live	inflorescence			(5-10, esp. 7)	pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph infects and damages live inflorescence
leaf (between veins)	leaf (between veins) is spotted by immersed, minute pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Septoria tritici sensu Rob. & Desm.	a leaf-spot fungus	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria tritici sensu Rob. & Desm./	Septoria tritici sensu Rob. & Desm.	a leaf-spot fungus	immersed, minute	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses	?		leaf (between veins)			(5-8)	immersed, minute pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on leaf (between veins)
leaf-mine	leaf-mine may house puparium	Cerodontha flavocingulata	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Cerodontha flavocingulata/	Cerodontha flavocingulata	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf-mine		Major		puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf-mine	leaf-mine may house puparium	Cerodontha pygmaea	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Cerodontha pygmaea/	Cerodontha pygmaea	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf-mine		Major		puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf-mine	leaf-mine may house puparium	Chromatomyia nigra	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia nigra/	Chromatomyia nigra	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf-mine				puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Agromyza nigrella	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Agromyza nigrella/	Agromyza nigrella	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf				larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Cerodontha flavocingulata	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Cerodontha flavocingulata/	Cerodontha flavocingulata	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf		Major		larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf may have puparium	Cerodontha flavocingulata	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Cerodontha flavocingulata/	Cerodontha flavocingulata	a leaf-mining fly			puparium	Plant / resting place / on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf		Major		puparium may be found on leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by communal larva	Cerodontha pygmaea	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Cerodontha pygmaea/	Cerodontha pygmaea	a leaf-mining fly	communal		larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf		Major		communal larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Chromatomyia nigra	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia nigra/	Chromatomyia nigra	a leaf-mining fly			larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf				larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf is grazed by larva	Euura obducta	a sawfly	Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (c), Benson, R.B., 1958	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tenthredinidae/Euura obducta/	Euura obducta	a sawfly			larva	Foodplant / open feeder		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf		Major		larva grazes on leaf
leaf	leaf is foodplant of loosely gregarious, often hypophyllous, immersed, black, shining stroma (pycnidial) of Placosphaerella coelomycetous anamorph	Placosphaerella silvatica	a coelomycete		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Placosphaerella silvatica/	Placosphaerella silvatica	a coelomycete	loosely gregarious, often hypophyllous, immersed, black, shining	stroma (pycnidial)	Placosphaerella coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / feeds on	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			leaf				loosely gregarious, often hypophyllous, immersed, black, shining stroma (pycnidial) of Placosphaerella coelomycetous anamorph feeds on leaf
leaf (dead, dry)	dead, dry leaf is decayed by numerous, scattered or in short rows, immersed pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph	Stagonospora subseriata	a coelomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Stagonospora subseriata/	Stagonospora subseriata	a coelomycete	numerous, scattered or in short rows, immersed	pycnidium	Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		dead, dry	leaf			(4-5)	numerous, scattered or in short rows, immersed pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, dry leaf
leaf (fading)	fading leaf is spotted by gregarious, with smoky-brown pore pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Ascochyta graminicola	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta graminicola/	Ascochyta graminicola	a coelomycete	gregarious, with smoky-brown pore	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		fading	leaf			(late summer)	gregarious, with smoky-brown pore pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf may be infected and damaged by immersed, often in rows between veins pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph	Lidophia graminis	Twist		British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Lidophia graminis/	Lidophia graminis	twist	immersed, often in rows between veins	pycnidium	Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live	leaf			(5-10, esp. 7)	immersed, often in rows between veins pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph infects and damages live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph	Rhynchosporium orthosporum	Cocksfoot Scald	Helotiales	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Rhynchosporium orthosporum/	Rhynchosporium orthosporum	cocksfoot scald	immersed, thin, subcuticular	stromatic plates	Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live	leaf				immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is parasitised by sorus	Urocystis ulei	a smut fungus	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungi, Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis ulei/	Urocystis ulei	a smut fungus			sorus	Foodplant / parasite	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live	leaf				sorus parasitises live leaf
plant (dying)	dying plant may be infected and damaged by strand	Laetisaria fuciformis	Red Thread Disease (Causal Organism)	Corticiales: Corticiaceae	Fungal Diseases of Sports Turf, Baldwin, N.A., 1990	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Corticiales/Corticiaceae/Laetisaria fuciformis/	Laetisaria fuciformis	red thread disease (causal organism)		strand		Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		dying	plant				strand infects and damages dying plant
root (rotten)	rotten root may be infected and damaged by	Cladochytrium caespitis	a chytrid	Chytridiales: Cladochytriaceae	British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Chytridiomycota/Chytridiomycetes/Chytridiales/Cladochytriaceae/Cladochytrium caespitis/	Cladochytrium caespitis	a chytrid				Foodplant / pathogen	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		rotten	root				infects and damages rotten root
seed (fallen, over-wintered, mummified)	fallen, over-wintered, mummified seed may be infected and damaged by long stalked apothecium	Gloeotinia granigena	Blind Seed Of Rye Grass - causative organism	Helotiales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Gloeotinia granigena, Williams, M.A.J. & Spooner, B.M., 1991	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Gloeotinia granigena/	Gloeotinia granigena	blind seed of rye grass - causative organism	long stalked		apothecium	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		fallen, over-wintered, mummified	seed		Minor	(5-7)	long stalked apothecium infects and damages fallen, over-wintered, mummified seed
sheath (live)	live sheath is spotted by immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph	Rhynchosporium orthosporum	Cocksfoot Scald	Helotiales	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Rhynchosporium orthosporum/	Rhynchosporium orthosporum	cocksfoot scald	immersed, thin, subcuticular	stromatic plates	Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live	sheath				immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live sheath
stem internode (basal)	stem internode (basal) is decayed by immersed pseudothecium	Ophiosphaerella herpotricha	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Ophiosphaerella herpotricha/	Ophiosphaerella herpotricha	an ascomycete	immersed		pseudothecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			stem internode (basal)			(3-7)	immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on stem internode (basal)
stem internode (basal)	stem internode (basal) is decayed by immersed pycnidial anamorph	Ophiosphaerella herpotricha	an ascomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Ophiosphaerella herpotricha/	Ophiosphaerella herpotricha	an ascomycete	immersed		pycnidial anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			stem internode (basal)		Minor	(3-7)	immersed pycnidial anamorph is saprobic on stem internode (basal)
stem	stem is parasitised by stroma	Epichloe festucae	Fescue Choke	Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects, Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Clavicipitaceae/Epichloe festucae/	Epichloe festucae	fescue choke			stroma	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses			stem				stroma parasitises stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by numerous, scattered or in short rows, immersed pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph	Stagonospora subseriata	a coelomycete	Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Stagonospora subseriata/	Stagonospora subseriata	a coelomycete	numerous, scattered or in short rows, immersed	pycnidium	Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		dead	stem			(4-5)	numerous, scattered or in short rows, immersed pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead)	dead stem is decayed by immersed perithecium	Phomatospora berkeleyi	a pyrenomycete	Xylariales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Xylariales/Phomatospora berkeleyi/	Phomatospora berkeleyi	a pyrenomycete	immersed		perithecium	Foodplant / saprobe		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		dead	stem			(2-9)	immersed perithecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (live)	live stem may be infected and damaged by immersed stroma of Pseudocercosporella dematiaceous anamorph	Oculimacula yallundae	Foot-rot, Strawbreaker, Eyespot and Lodging Diseases (Causative Organsim), Wheat Eyespot	Helotiales	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1, Braun, U., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Oculimacula yallundae/	Oculimacula yallundae	foot-rot, strawbreaker, eyespot and lodging diseases (causative organsim), wheat eyespot	immersed	stroma	Pseudocercosporella dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Poales/Poaceae/Festuca/	Festuca	fescue grasses		live	stem				immersed stroma of Pseudocercosporella dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages live stem

Subtaxon	Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Festuca altissima Wood Fescue	Species		6 trophisms
Festuca arenaria Rush-leaved Fescue	Species		3 trophisms
Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue	Species		34 trophisms
Festuca gigantea Giant Fescue	Species		15 trophisms
Festuca glauca sens.str.	Species		3 trophisms
Festuca heterophylla Various-leaved Fescue	Species		2 trophisms
Festuca longifolia Blue Fescue	Species		5 trophisms
Festuca ovina Sheep’s-fescue	Species		2 trophisms
Festuca ovina agg. sheep’s fescue agg.	Species aggregate		23 trophisms
Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue	Species		18 trophisms
Festuca rubra agg. red fescues	Species aggregate	1 subtaxa	48 trophisms	1 references

Genus	Festuca (fescue grasses)
Tribe	Poeae (a tribe of grasses)
Subfamily	POOIDEAE (a subfamily of grasses)
Family	POACEAE (grasses, couch)
Order	POALES (grasses, sedges & rushes)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Festuca L.
(fescue grasses)

Interactions where Festuca is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Identification Works

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Baldwin, N.A., 1990	Fungal Diseases of Sports Turf	Mycologist Vol 4 (1): 16-19.
Benson, R.B., 1958	Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (c)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VI, Part 2(c), 252pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Braun, U., 1995	Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol 1	Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 1, 333pp, IHW-Verlag
Bultman, T.L. & Leuchtmann, A., 2008	Biology of the Epichloe-Botanophila interaction: an intriguing association between fungi and insects	Fungal Biology Reviews Vol 22 (3-4): 131-138.
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Moore, W.C., 1959	British Parasitic Fungi	430pp, Cambridge University Press
Punithalingam, E., 1990	Drechslera dematioidea	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 1009.
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Spooner, B.M. & Legon, N.W., 2006	Additions and amendments to the list of British smut fungi	Mycologist 20 (3): 90-96.
Williams, M.A.J. & Spooner, B.M., 1991	Gloeotinia granigena	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 1081.