Aves (birds)

Interactions where AVES is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Summary
	has blood sucked by larva	Ixodes ricinus	Sheep Tick, Pasture Tick, Castor Bean Tick, Deer Tick	Ixodida: Ixodidae	Identification of Animal Parasites, Avery, R.A., 1974	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Ixodida/Ixodidae/Ixodes (Ixodes) ricinus/	Ixodes (Ixodes) ricinus	sheep tick, pasture tick, castor bean tick, deer tick			larva	Animal / parasite / ectoparasite / blood sucker		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					larva sucks the blood of
	has blood sucked by nymph	Ixodes ricinus	Sheep Tick, Pasture Tick, Castor Bean Tick, Deer Tick	Ixodida: Ixodidae	Identification of Animal Parasites, Avery, R.A., 1974	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Ixodida/Ixodidae/Ixodes (Ixodes) ricinus/	Ixodes (Ixodes) ricinus	sheep tick, pasture tick, castor bean tick, deer tick			nymph	Animal / parasite / ectoparasite / blood sucker		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					nymph sucks the blood of
	corpse may attract adult	Trypocopris vernalis	Spring Dumbledor	Coleoptera: Geotrupidae	Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Geotrupidae/Trypocopris vernalis/	Trypocopris vernalis	spring dumbledor			adult	Animal / associate		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds			corpse		adult is associated with corpse
	is ectoparasitised by imago	Pseudolynchia garzettae	Pigeon Fly	Diptera: Hippoboscidae	Keds, Flat-Flies and Bat-Flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae and Nycteribiidae), Hutson, A.M., 1984	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Hippoboscidae/Pseudolynchia garzettae/	Pseudolynchia garzettae	pigeon fly			imago	Animal / parasite / ectoparasite	Foreign	/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds				Minor	imago ectoparasitises
	nestling has blood sucked by larva	Protocalliphora azurea	Bird Blowfly	Diptera: Calliphoridae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Calliphoridae/Protocalliphora azurea/	Protocalliphora azurea	bird blowfly			larva	Animal / parasite / ectoparasite / blood sucker		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds			nestling	Sole	larva sucks the blood of nestling
	nestling is ectoparasitoid host of larva	Protocalliphora azurea	Bird Blowfly	Diptera: Calliphoridae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Calliphoridae/Protocalliphora azurea/	Protocalliphora azurea	bird blowfly			larva	Animal / parasitoid / ectoparasitoid		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds			nestling	Sole	larva is ectoparasitoid of nestling
	is parasitised by larva	Sarcophaga melanura	a flesh fly	Diptera: Sarcophagidae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Sarcophagidae/Sarcophaga melanura/	Sarcophaga melanura	a flesh fly			larva	Animal / parasite		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds				Minor	larva parasitises
	has blood sucked by	Lyctocoris campestris	The Debris Bug	Hemiptera: Anthocoridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Anthocoridae/Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestris/	Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestris	the debris bug				Animal / parasite / ectoparasite / blood sucker		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					sucks the blood of
	may be infected by	Aspergillus flavus	Stonebrood Disease (A causative organism)	Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae	Diseases of the honey bee, Wikipedia	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Aspergillus flavus/	Aspergillus flavus	stonebrood disease (a causative organism)				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					infects
	may be infected by	Aspergillus neoflavipes	Stonebrood Disease (A causative organism), Aspergillosis	Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae	Diseases of the honey bee, Wikipedia	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Aspergillus neoflavipes/	Aspergillus neoflavipes	stonebrood disease (a causative organism), aspergillosis				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					infects
	may be infected by	Aspergillus niger	Black Mould Of Onions, Garlic and Shallots - causative organism	Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae	Diseases of the honey bee, Wikipedia	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae/Aspergillus niger/	Aspergillus niger	black mould of onions, garlic and shallots (causative organism)				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					infects
	may be infected by	Lichtheimia corymbifera	a pin mould	Mucorales: Lichtheimiaceae	Absidia corymbifera, Lunn, J.A., 1977	/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Mucorales/Lichtheimiaceae/Lichtheimia corymbifera/	Lichtheimia corymbifera	a pin mould				Animal / pathogen		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds					infects
dung	dung dung may support apothecium	Ascobolus crenulatus	a discomycete	Pezizales: Ascobolaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Pezizomycetes/Pezizales/Ascobolaceae/Ascobolus crenulatus/	Ascobolus crenulatus	a discomycete			apothecium	Animal / dung / saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		dung			apothecium is saprobic in/on dung or excretions of dung
dung	dung dung may support Stemmaria anamorph	Stemmaria aeruginosa	an anamorphic ascomycete		Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Stemmaria aeruginosa/	Stemmaria aeruginosa	an anamorphic ascomycete			Stemmaria anamorph	Animal / dung / saprobe	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		dung			Stemmaria anamorph is saprobic in/on dung or excretions of dung
dung	dung dung may support sporangiophore	Coemansia scorpioidea	a pin mould	Kickxellales: Kickxellaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Kickxellales/Kickxellaceae/Coemansia scorpioidea/	Coemansia scorpioidea	a pin mould		sporangiophore		Animal / dung / saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		dung			sporangiophore is saprobic in/on dung or excretions of dung
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support effuse colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph	Monodictys levis	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus		Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Monodictys levis/	Monodictys levis	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	effuse	colony	Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			effuse colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Arthroderma curreyi	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Arthroderma curreyi/	Arthroderma curreyi	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Arthroderma quadrifidum	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Arthroderma quadrifidum/	Arthroderma quadrifidum	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Arthroderma uncinatum	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Arthroderma uncinatum/	Arthroderma uncinatum	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Ctenomyces serratus	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Ctenomyces serratus/	Ctenomyces serratus	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Nannizzia cajetana	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Nannizzia cajetana/	Nannizzia cajetana	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support Microsporum conidial anamorph	Nannizzia cajetana	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Nannizzia cajetana/	Nannizzia cajetana	an ascomycete			Microsporum conidial anamorph	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			Microsporum conidial anamorph feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Shanorella spirotricha	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Arthrodermataceae/Shanorella spirotricha/	Shanorella spirotricha	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Actinodendron verticillatum	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Gymnoascaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Gymnoascaceae/Actinodendron verticillatum/	Actinodendron verticillatum	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support gymnothecium	Arachniotus candidus	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Gymnoascaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Gymnoascaceae/Arachniotus candidus/	Arachniotus candidus	an ascomycete			gymnothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			gymnothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support arthroconidial anamorph	Arachniotus candidus	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Gymnoascaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Gymnoascaceae/Arachniotus candidus/	Arachniotus candidus	an ascomycete			arthroconidial anamorph	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			arthroconidial anamorph feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support cleistothecium	Aphanoascus fulvescens	an ascomycete	Onygenales: Onygenaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Onygenaceae/Aphanoascus fulvescens/	Aphanoascus fulvescens	an ascomycete			cleistothecium	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			cleistothecium feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support ascoma	Onygena corvina	Feather Stalkball	Onygenales: Onygenaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Eurotiomycetes/Onygenales/Onygenaceae/Onygena corvina/	Onygena corvina	feather stalkball			ascoma	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather		Major	ascoma feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support Cephalotrichum dematiaceous anamorph	Cephalotrichum microsporum	a dematiaceous hyphomycete	Microascales: Microascaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Microascales/Microascaceae/Cephalotrichum microsporum/	Cephalotrichum microsporum	a dematiaceous hyphomycete			Cephalotrichum dematiaceous anamorph	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			Cephalotrichum dematiaceous anamorph feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
feather (dead, fallen)	dead, fallen feather animal debris may support Cephalotrichum dematiaceous anamorph	Cephalotrichum stemonitis	a dematiaceous hyphomycete	Microascales: Microascaceae	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Microascales/Microascaceae/Cephalotrichum stemonitis/	Cephalotrichum stemonitis	a dematiaceous hyphomycete			Cephalotrichum dematiaceous anamorph	Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	dead, fallen	feather			Cephalotrichum dematiaceous anamorph feeds on animal debris dead, fallen feather
nest	nest may attract	Androlaelaps casalis	an omnivorous mite	Mesostigmata: Laelapidae	Checklist of the mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the British Isles, Baker, A.S. & Craven, J.C., 2003	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Mesostigmata/Laelapidae/Androlaelaps casalis/	Androlaelaps casalis	an omnivorous mite				Animal / associate	UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		nest			is associated with nest
nest	nest may attract larva	Fannia nidica	a lesser house fly	Diptera: Fanniidae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Fanniidae/Fannia nidica/	Fannia nidica	a lesser house fly			larva	Animal / associate		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		nest			larva is associated with nest
nest	nest may attract larva	Hydrotaea basdeni	a muscid fly	Diptera: Muscidae	Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae, Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Muscidae/Hydrotaea basdeni/	Hydrotaea basdeni	a muscid fly			larva	Animal / associate		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		nest			larva is associated with nest
nest	nest may attract larva	Potamia littoralis	a muscid fly	Diptera: Muscidae	Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae, Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Muscidae/Potamia littoralis/	Potamia littoralis	a muscid fly			larva	Animal / associate		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		nest			larva is associated with nest
nest	nest has guest	Lyctocoris campestris	The Debris Bug	Hemiptera: Anthocoridae	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Anthocoridae/Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestris/	Lyctocoris (Lyctocoris) campestris	the debris bug				Animal / guest		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		nest			is a guest in nest
nest (old)	old nest may attract larva	Fannia coracina	a lesser house fly	Diptera: Fanniidae	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae, van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Fanniidae/Fannia coracina/	Fannia coracina	a lesser house fly			larva	Animal / associate		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds	old	nest			larva is associated with old nest
prey debris in nest	prey debris in nest animal debris may support	Trox scaber	a hide beetle	Coleoptera: Trogidae	Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), Jessop, L., 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Trogidae/Trox scaber/	Trox scaber	a hide beetle				Animal / dung / debris saprobe		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		prey debris in nest			feeds on animal debris prey debris in nest
trachea	trachea is endoparasitised by	Syngamus trachea	Gapeworm		The Natural History of Slapton Ley Nature Reserve: VI Studies on Parasites, Canning, E.U., Cox, F.E.G., Croll, N.A. & Lyons, K.M., 1973	/Animalia/Nematoda/Strongyloidea/Syngamus trachea/	Syngamus trachea	gapeworm				Animal / parasite / endoparasite		/Animalia/Chordata/Aves/	Aves	birds		trachea			endoparasitises trachea

Subtaxon			Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
ACCIPITRIFORMES ospreys, hawks, kites, eagles, vultures			Order	4 subtaxa	4 trophisms	5 references
ANSERIFORMES ducks, geese, mergansers and swans, waterfowl			Order	12 subtaxa	28 trophisms	12 references
APODIFORMES swifts			Order	1 subtaxa	6 trophisms
	APODIDAE swifts		Family	1 subtaxa	6 trophisms
CAPRIMULGIFORMES nightjars			Order	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	2 references
	CAPRIMULGIDAE nightjars		Family	1 subtaxa		2 references
		Caprimulgus nightjars	Genus	1 subtaxa		2 references
CHARADRIIFORMES plovers and sea birds			Order	19 subtaxa	19 trophisms	24 references
CICONIIFORMES herons, spoonbills and storks			Order	6 subtaxa	6 trophisms	2 references
COLUMBIFORMES pigeons and doves			Order	4 subtaxa	14 trophisms	4 references
CORACIIFORMES kingfishers, rollers, bee-eaters and hoopoes			Order	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
	MEROPIDAE bee-eaters		Family	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
		Merops a genus of birds	Genus	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
CUCULIFORMES cuckoos			Order		2 trophisms
FALCONIFORMES kestrels and falcons			Order	2 subtaxa	4 trophisms	2 references
	FALCONIDAE kestrels and falcons		Family	2 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
		Falco kestrels and falcons	Genus	2 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
GALLIFORMES game birds			Order	8 subtaxa	24 trophisms	9 references
GAVIIFORMES divers			Order	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
	GAVIIDAE divers		Family	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
GRUIFORMES bustards, cranes and rails			Order	6 subtaxa	13 trophisms	3 references
OTIDIFORMES an order of birds			Order	1 subtaxa		1 references
	OTIDIDAE bustards		Family	1 subtaxa		1 references
PASSERIFORMES perching birds			Order	49 subtaxa	74 trophisms	44 references
PELECANIFORMES gannets, cormorants, shags and pellicans			Order	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms
	FREGATIDAE frigatebirds		Family	1 subtaxa	1 trophisms
PICIFORMES woodpeckers etc.			Order	1 subtaxa	4 trophisms
PODICIPEDIFORMES grebes			Order	1 subtaxa	3 trophisms	1 references
	PODICIPEDIDAE grebes		Family	1 subtaxa	3 trophisms	1 references
PROCELLARIIFORMES shearwaters, petrels and albatrosses			Order	2 subtaxa	1 trophisms	1 references
PSITTACIFORMES parrakeets			Order	2 subtaxa		2 references
STRIGIFORMES owls			Order	4 subtaxa	18 trophisms	2 references

Class	AVES (birds)
Superclass	TETRAPODA (a superclass of unassigneds)
Phylum	CHORDATA (vertebrates)
Superphylum	DEUTEROSTOMIA (deuterostomes)
Clade	Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Subkingdom	EUMETAZOA (metazoans)
Kingdom	ANIMALIA (animals)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Handling & Magnification	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Benson, S.V.	1960	* The Observer’s Book of Birds *(Superseded)	Observer's Books, No 1, Revised edition edition, 223pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
	Ferguson-Lees, J., Willis, I. & Sharrock, J.T.R.	1983	The Shell Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland	336pp, Michael Joseph
	Paris, P.	1921	* Oiseaux *(Superseded)	Faune de France, Faune No 2, 473pp, Fédération Française des Sociétés de Science Naturel
	Pendleton, T. & D.		Photo gallery: Birds	www.eakringbirds.com/eakringbirds4/photogallerythumbsbirds.htm
	Wuilbaut, J.J.		Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut)	users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons
Dung Identification
	Pagett, M.	2007	What shat that? the pocket guide to poop identity	112pp, Crombie Jardine Publishing Ltd
Feeding Signs
in the field ()	Bang, P. & Dahlstrom, P.	1974	Animal Tracks and Signs	Collins Guides, 240pp, Collins
Nests And Eggs
	Atkinson, J.C.	1901	British birds’ eggs and nests	New and revised edition, 247 pages+12 platespp, Routledge
	Harrison, C.J.O.	1985	A Field Guide to Nests, Eggs & Nestlings of British & European Birds	Collins Field Guides, Collins
in the field	Pochin, E		British Birds’ Eggs and Their Nests	The Young Naturalist Series, 32pp, The Brockhampton Press

Author	Year	Title	Source
Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V.	1993	Birds in England: context and priorities	Research Reports EN Report no 62.
Cote, I.M. & Sutherland, W.J.	1995	The scientific basis for predator control for bird conservation	Research Reports EN Report no 144.
Grice, P.V., Brown, A.F., Carter, I.C. & Rankine, C.A.	1994	Birds in England: A Natural Areas approach	Research Reports EN Report no 114.
Yapp, W.B.	1979	Specific Diversity in Woodland Birds	Field Studies 5: 45-58.
Classic Literature
Rothschild, M. & Clay, T.	1957	Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos: A Study of Bird Parasites	The New Naturalist, 304pp, Collins
Conservation
McCracken, D & Bignal, E,	1991	Chemical alternatives to treatment of cattle with Ivermectin
Nature Conservation
Fisher, S. et al	2005	The Farmland Bird Database - targetting agri-environment schemes on farmland birds	British Wildlife Vol 17, No 2: 77-81.
Stroud, D.	2002	The UK network of Special Protection Areas for birds	British Wildlife Vol 14, No 1: 7-14.
Parasitology
Canning, E.U., Cox, F.E.G., Croll, N.A. & Lyons, K.M.	1973	The Natural History of Slapton Ley Nature Reserve: VI Studies on Parasites	Field Studies 3: 681-718.
Pollution
Smith, J.T. et al	2006	Assessment of the risk posed by toxic contamination to waterbirds on Special Protection Areas (SPAs)	Research Reports EN Report no 703.
Societies
Anon.		British Association of Nature Conservationists	www.banc.org.uk
Surveys
Smith, L. et al	2006	Aerial surveys of waterbirds in The Wash, 2005/06	Research Reports EN Report no 708.
Wildlife Rescue
Anon.		UK Wildlife Rescue discussion group

AVES
(birds)

Interactions where AVES is the dominant partner and gains from the process

Interactions where AVES is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Identification Works

Dung Identification

Feeding Signs

Nests And Eggs

General Works

Classic Literature

Conservation

Nature Conservation

Parasitology

Pollution

Societies

Surveys

Wildlife Rescue

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Wikipedia	Diseases of the honey bee	en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_of_the_honey_bee
Avery, R.A., 1974	Identification of Animal Parasites	Hulton Group Keys, 182pp, Hulton Educational Publications Ltd.
Baker, A.S. & Craven, J.C., 2003	Checklist of the mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the British Isles	Systematic & Applied Acarology Special Publications Systematic & Applied Acarology Vol 14: 1-20.
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Canning, E.U., Cox, F.E.G., Croll, N.A. & Lyons, K.M., 1973	The Natural History of Slapton Ley Nature Reserve: VI Studies on Parasites	Field Studies 3: 681-718.
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998	Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 246pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968	Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(b), 119pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Hutson, A.M., 1984	Keds, Flat-Flies and Bat-Flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae and Nycteribiidae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 7, 40pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Jessop, L., 1986	Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol 5, Part 11, New edition, 53pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Lunn, J.A., 1977	Absidia corymbifera	I.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 521.
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959	Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles	Wayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
van Emden, F.I.,, 1954	Diptera: Cyclorrhapha Calyptrata (I) Sect (a) Tachinidae and Calliphoridae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(a), 133pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London