Parmelia sulcata Taylor
(Netted Shield Lichen)

Interactions where Parmelia sulcata is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
thallus		thallus is parasitised by immersed, stromatic perithecium			Homostegia piggotii	a lichenicolous fungus		A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Homostegia piggotii/	Homostegia piggotii	a lichenicolous fungus		immersed, stromatic		perithecium	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen			thallus					immersed, stromatic perithecium parasitises thallus
thallus		thallus is parasitised by superficial, convex stroma			Homostegia piggotii	a lichenicolous fungus		A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Homostegia piggotii/	Homostegia piggotii	a lichenicolous fungus		superficial, convex		stroma	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen			thallus					superficial, convex stroma parasitises thallus
thallus		thallus is parasitised by single pycnidium of Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph			Lichenoconium lecanorae	a lichenicolous coelomycete	Lichenoconiales: Lichenoconiaceae	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Lichenoconiales/Lichenoconiaceae/Lichenoconium lecanorae/	Lichenoconium lecanorae	a lichenicolous coelomycete		single	pycnidium	Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen			thallus					single pycnidium of Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph parasitises thallus
thallus		thallus may support single pycnidium of Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph			Lichenoconium lecanorae	a lichenicolous coelomycete	Lichenoconiales: Lichenoconiaceae	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Lichenoconiales/Lichenoconiaceae/Lichenoconium lecanorae/	Lichenoconium lecanorae	a lichenicolous coelomycete		single	pycnidium	Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph	Lichen / symbiont		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen			thallus					single pycnidium of Lichenoconium coelomycetous anamorph lives on/in thallus
thallus (bleached)		bleached thallus is parasitised by Cornutispora anamorph			Cornutispora lichenicola	a lichenicolous anamorphic ascomycete		A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Cornutispora lichenicola/	Cornutispora lichenicola	a lichenicolous anamorphic ascomycete				Cornutispora anamorph	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen		bleached	thallus		Major			Cornutispora anamorph parasitises bleached thallus
thallus (bleached)		bleached thallus is parasitised by erumpent apothecium			Nesolechia oxyspora	a lichenicolous lichen	Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Nesolechia oxyspora/	Nesolechia oxyspora	a lichenicolous lichen		erumpent		apothecium	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen		bleached	thallus		Major			erumpent apothecium parasitises bleached thallus
thallus (bleached)		bleached thallus is parasitised by sporodochium of Marchandiomyces anamorph			Marchandiomyces corallinus	a lichenicolous anamorphic basidiomycete	Corticiales: Corticiaceae	The Lichenicolous Hyphomycetes, Hawksworth, D.L., 1979 A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Corticiales/Corticiaceae/Marchandiomyces corallinus/	Marchandiomyces corallinus	a lichenicolous anamorphic basidiomycete			sporodochium	Marchandiomyces anamorph	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen		bleached	thallus					sporodochium of Marchandiomyces anamorph parasitises bleached thallus
thallus (pale brownish)		pale brownish thallus is parasitised by pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph			Briancoppinsia cytospora	a lichenicolous coelomycete	Arthoniales: Arthoniaceae	Briancoppinsia, a new coelomycetous genus of Arthoniaceae (Arthoniales) for the lichenicolous Phoma cytospora, with a key to this and similar taxa, Diederich, P., Lawrey, J.D., Sikaroodi, M., van den Boom, P.P.G. & Ertz, D., 2012 A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles, Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Arthoniomycetes/Arthoniales/Arthoniaceae/Briancoppinsia cytospora/	Briancoppinsia cytospora	a lichenicolous coelomycete			pycnidium	Phoma coelomycetous anamorph	Lichen / parasite		UK and/or Eire	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales/Parmeliaceae/Parmelia sulcata/	Parmelia sulcata	netted shield lichen		pale brownish	thallus					pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph parasitises pale brownish thallus

Author & Year	Title	Source
Diederich, P., Lawrey, J.D., Sikaroodi, M., van den Boom, P.P.G. & Ertz, D., 2012	Briancoppinsia, a new coelomycetous genus of Arthoniaceae (Arthoniales) for the lichenicolous Phoma cytospora, with a key to this and similar taxa	FungalDiversity Vol 52: 1-12.
Hawksworth, D.L., 1979	The Lichenicolous Hyphomycetes	Bull. Br. mus. nat. hist. bot. Vol 6 (3): 183-300.
Hawksworth, D.L., 1983	A Key to the Lichen-forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi occurring on Lichens in the British Isles	44pp, The British Lichen Society

Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen) may be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Parmelia
(a genus of leafy lichens)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Lichenes
(lichens)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen)
Genus	Parmelia (a genus of leafy lichens)
Family	PARMELIACEAE (a family of lichens)
Order	LECANORALES (an order of lichens)
Subclass	LECANOROMYCETIDAE (a subclass of lichens)
Class	LECANOROMYCETES (a class of lichens)
Subphylum	PEZIZOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of ascomycetes)
Phylum	ASCOMYCOTA (spore shooters, ascomycete)
Kingdom	FUNGI (true fungi)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Parmelia sulcata is also a member of:
Lichenes - lichens (via Lecanoromycetidae)
Micromycetes - microfungi (via Ascomycota)
Fungi s.l. - fungi (in the broad sense) (via Fungi)
Lower Plants - lower plants (via Fungi s.l.)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen)

Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Lichenes
(lichens)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

General Works

Author	Year	Title	Source
Mollusc Grazing
Cernajova, I. & Svoboda, D.	2014	Lichen compounds of common epiphytic Parmeliaceae species deter gastropods both in laboratory and in Central European temperate forests	FungEcol Vol 11: 8-16.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen):

ASCOMYCOTA
(spore shooters, ascomycete)

FUNGI
(true fungi)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Lichenes
(lichens)

Fungi s.l.
(fungi (in the broad sense))

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 3 images of Parmelia sulcata (Netted Shield Lichen)

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