HYMENOPTERA Linnaeus, 1758
(ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps)

Interactions where HYMENOPTERA is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season
feeds on spore mass of fruitbody UK/Ireland Phallus hadriani Sand Stinkhorn, Dune Stinkhorn Phallales: Phallaceae Bees and Phalloid Exudate, Shaw, D.E. & Roberts, P., 2002
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Hymenopteraants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps Fungus / feederUK and/or Eire /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Phallales/Phallaceae/Phallus hadriani/Phallus hadrianisand stinkhorn, dune stinkhornspore massfruitbody
adult adult pollinates or fertilises flower Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid Asparagales: Orchidaceae Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide, Harrap, A. & S., 2009
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Hymenopteraants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid waspsadult Plant / pollinated /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Coeloglossum viride/Coeloglossum viridefrog orchidflower

Interactions where HYMENOPTERA is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is parasitoid host of solitary (usually) stroma Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala an ascomycete Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae British Ascomycetes, Dennis, R.W.G., 1978
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Ophiocordycipitaceae/Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala/Ophiocordyceps sphecocephalaan ascomycetesolitary (usually)stroma Animal / parasitoid /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Hymenopteraants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps solitary (usually) stroma is parasitoid of
adult is predated by leaf Major Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Insectivorous Plants, Darwin, C., 1875
 /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae/Pinguicula vulgaris/Pinguicula vulgariscommon butterwortleaf Animal / predator /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Hymenopteraants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid waspsadultMajor leaf is predator of adult

Author & YearTitleSource
Darwin, C., 1875Insectivorous Plants463pp
Dennis, R.W.G., 1978British AscomycetesRevised and enlarged edition, 585pp, J. Cramer
Harrap, A. & S., 2009Orchids of Britain & Ireland: a field and site guide2nd edition, 480pp, A&C Black Publishers Ltd
Shaw, D.E. & Roberts, P., 2002Bees and Phalloid ExudateMycologist Vol 16 (3): 109.

HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa		 No of
interactions		 No of
references
APOCRITA
bees, wasps, ants and parasitoids
Suborder 1,440 subtaxa 2,146 trophisms 2,022 references
SYMPHYTA
sawflies
Suborder 468 subtaxa 1,081 trophisms 155 references
Taxonomic hierarchy:
OrderHYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps)
Division Endopterygota (bees, beetles, flies, moths and other insects with wings developing internally)
InfraclassNeoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
SubclassPTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
ClassINSECTA (true insects)
SubphylumHEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
PhylumARTHROPODA (arthropods)
SuperphylumECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
CladeBilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
SubkingdomEUMETAZOA (metazoans)
KingdomANIMALIA (animals)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. Atlas Hymenoptera zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/galerie/ExploreDB.aspx
Leleya, A.C. (ed.) 2007 Vol. IV. Neuropteroidea, Mecoptera, Hymenoptera: Part 5 Hymenoptera Key to the insects of Russian Far East, Vol. IV, 1052pp
Sauer, F. 1985 Bienen, Wespen und Verwandte Sauers Natuführer, 113pp, Fauna-Verlag
Williams, R. British Hymenoptera, Glossary for use with identification keys Vanellus Publications
Zahradík, J. & Severa, F. (illust.) 1991 A Field Guide in Colour to Bees and wasps English edition edition, 192pp, Blitz

Dung

Skidmore, P. 1991 Insects of the British Cow-Dung Community AIDGAP Keys: Occasional Publication, No 21, 166pp, Field Studies Council

Family Keys

Gauld, I. & Bolton, B. (eds) 1988 The Hymenoptera 332pp, British Museum (Natural History)
Goulet, H & Huber, J.T., eds 1993 Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families 668pp, Canadian Department of Agriculture
Richards, O.W. 1977 Hymenoptera: Introduction and Keys to Families (ed 2) Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol VI. Part 1, 2nd edition edition, 100pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Richards, O.W. 1956 *** Hymenoptera: Introduction and Keys to Families (ed 1) ***(Superseded) Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol VI. Part 1, 1st edition edition, 94pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

On Docks

Salt, D.T. & Whittaker, J.B. 1998 Insects on dock plants 56pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd

Plant Galls

() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2011 British Plant Galls AIDGAP Keys, Second edition, 432pp, Field Studies Council
() Redfern, M. & Shirley, P. 2002 *** British Plant Galls - Identification of galls on plants and fungi ***(Superseded) AIDGAP Keys, 325pp, Field Studies Council
() Stubbs, F.B. (Editor) 1986 *** Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls ***(Superseded) 95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Regional/Neotropics

Fernández, F. & Sharkey, M.J. (Eds) 2006 Introducción a los Hymenoptera de la Región Neotropical 925pp

Regional/Russian Far East

Anon 2007 Neuropteroidea, Mecoptera, Hymenoptera Key to the insects of Russian Far East, Vol IV, Pt 5, 430pp

HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. BWARS (Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society) discussion group
Betts, C. (ed.) 1986 The Hymenopterist’s Handbook Vol 7., Second edition, 208pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Comstock, J.H. & Needham, J.G. 1898 The Venation of the Wings of Hymenoptera The wings of Insects, part IX The American Naturalist Vol 32: 413-424.
Deans, A. Hymenoptera Glossary hymglossary.tamu.edu/projects/32/public/ontology
Gauld, I. & Bolton, B. (eds) 1988 The Hymenoptera 332pp, British Museum (Natural History)
Hadley, A. Micropics micropics.org.uk/index.htm
Rohwer, S.A. & Gahan, A.B. 1916 Horismology of the hymenopterous wing Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington Vol 18: 20-76.
Smith, F. 1853 *** Nomenclature of Hymenoptera ***(Superseded) List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum, Part XIII, 73pp, Taylor & Francis CRC Press
Step, E. 1932 Bees, Wasps, Ants and Allied Insects of the British Isles Wayside and Woodland Series, 238pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Stephens, J.F. 1835 Illustrations of British entomology: Vol VII Mandibulata Illustrations of British entomology, Vol VII, 312pp

Conservation

Shaw. M.R. Hymenoptera in relation to insect conservation in Scotland Shaw. M.R. Hymenoptera in relation to insect conservation in Scotland, 10pp, Conserving Scottish Insects

Dead Wood

Alexander, K.N.A. 2002 The Invertebrates of Living and Decaying Timber in Britain and Ireland - a Provisional Annotated Checklist Research Reports, Report no 467, 142pp, English Nature

Ecology

Wahlberg, E. & Solbreck, C. 2013 Hymenoptera flying over a boreal forest landscape Ent. Tidskr. Vol 134 (4): 163-171.

Journals

Journal of Hymenoptera Research
Osmia: Revue d’Hyménoptérologie (Journal of Hymenopterology)

Morphology

Tonapi, G.T. 1958 A comparative study of spiracular structure and mechanisms in some Hymenoptera Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. Vol 110 (16): 489-519+12 plates.

Suppliers

Anon. Polybags Ltd www.polybags.co.uk

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 20,126 images of HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps, sawflies and parasitoid wasps)
Creative Commons License
This website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, all original material on the BioInfo website by Malcolm Storey is licensed under the above Creative Commons Licence.

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)