Phytomyza ilicis Curtis, 1846
(Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)

Interactions where Phytomyza ilicis is the dominant partner and gains from the process

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Stage		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season
larva (young)		larva (young) feeds within leaf (midrib)			Ilex aquifolium	Holly	Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				larva (young)	Foodplant / internal feeder		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/	Ilex aquifolium	holly			leaf (midrib)		Sole
larva		larva mines leaf (blade)			Ilex aquifolium	Holly	Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				larva	Foodplant / miner		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/	Ilex aquifolium	holly			leaf (blade)		Sole
puparium		puparium may be found in mined leaf			Ilex aquifolium	Holly	Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				puparium	Plant / resting place / within		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Aquifoliales/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex aquifolium/	Ilex aquifolium	holly		mined	leaf		Sole

Interactions where Phytomyza ilicis is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
		larva is endoparasitoid host of larva			Chrysocharis gemma	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Eulophidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Chrysocharis gemma/	Chrysocharis gemma	a chalcid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				larva				larva is endoparasitoid of larva
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Chrysocharis syma	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Eulophidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Chrysocharis syma/	Chrysocharis syma	a chalcid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Closterocerus trifasciatus	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Eulophidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Closterocerus trifasciatus/	Closterocerus trifasciatus	a chalcid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Pleurotropis amyntes	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Eulophidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Eulophidae/Pleurotropis amyntes/	Pleurotropis amyntes	a chalcid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Eutelus	a genus of chalcid wasps	Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pteromalidae/Eutelus/	Eutelus	a genus of chalcid wasps				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Cyrtogaster vulgaris	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pteromalidae/Cyrtogaster vulgaris/	Cyrtogaster vulgaris	a chalcid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Sphegigaster flavicornis	a chalcid wasp	Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Pteromalidae/Sphegigaster flavicornis/	Sphegigaster flavicornis	a chalcid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Tetracampe	a genus of chalcid wasps	Hymenoptera: Tetracampidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Tetracampidae/Tetracampe/	Tetracampe	a genus of chalcid wasps				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva			Chorebus maculigastra	a braconid wasp	Hymenoptera: Braconidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Braconidae/Chorebus maculigastra/	Chorebus maculigastra	a braconid wasp				larva	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		Foreign	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva is endoparasitoid of pupa
		pupa is endoparasitoid host of larva (later instars)			Phaedrotoma pulchriceps	a braconid wasp	Hymenoptera: Braconidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Braconidae/Phaedrotoma pulchriceps/	Phaedrotoma pulchriceps	a braconid wasp				larva (later instars)	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				pupa				larva (later instars) is endoparasitoid of pupa
		larva is endoparasitoid host of larva (1st instar)			Phaedrotoma pulchriceps	a braconid wasp	Hymenoptera: Braconidae	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites, Cameron, E., 1939	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Braconidae/Phaedrotoma pulchriceps/	Phaedrotoma pulchriceps	a braconid wasp				larva (1st instar)	Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly				larva				larva (1st instar) is endoparasitoid of larva
mine		mine of larva may attract epiphyllous, few pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph			Ascochyta ilicis	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta ilicis/	Ascochyta ilicis	a coelomycete		epiphyllous, few	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Animal / associate		UK and/or Eire	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza ilicis/	Phytomyza ilicis	holly leaf-miner, holly leaf gall fly			mine	larva				epiphyllous, few pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph is associated with mine of larva

Author & Year	Title	Source
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Cameron, E., 1939	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites	Bulletin of Entomological Research 30: 173-208.
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly) may also be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

DIPTERA
(two-winged flies)

INSECTA
(true insects)

Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

AGROMYZIDAE
(leaf-mining flies)

DIPTERA
(two-winged flies)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Species	Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)
Genus	Phytomyza (a genus of leaf-mining flies)
Family	AGROMYZIDAE (leaf-mining flies)
Superfamily	OPOMYZOIDEA (a superfamily of acalypterate flies)
Infraorder	Schizophora - Acalyptratae (an infraorder of flies)
Order	DIPTERA (two-winged flies)
Division	Endopterygota (bees, beetles, flies, moths and other insects with wings developing internally)
Infraclass	Neoptera (bees, beetles, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other advanced insects)
Subclass	PTERYGOTA (bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)
Class	INSECTA (true insects)
Subphylum	HEXAPODA (insects and other 6-legged organisms)
Phylum	ARTHROPODA (arthropods)
Superphylum	ECDYSOZOA (skin shedders)
Clade	Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)
Subkingdom	EUMETAZOA (metazoans)
Kingdom	ANIMALIA (animals)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Phytomyza ilicis is also a member of:
Invertebrates - Invertebrates (via Arthropoda)

NBN

NBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)

Identification Works

Handling & Magnification	Author	Year	Title	Source
	Anon	2018	Agromyzidae Newsletter No 8, February, 2018	Agromyzidae Recording Scheme Newsletter.
()	Cameron, E.	1939	The holly leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis, Curt.) and its parasites	Bulletin of Entomological Research 30: 173-208.

Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

AGROMYZIDAE
(leaf-mining flies)

DIPTERA
(two-winged flies)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly):

Phytomyza
(a genus of leaf-mining flies)

AGROMYZIDAE
(leaf-mining flies)

DIPTERA
(two-winged flies)

PTERYGOTA
(bees, beetles, dragonflies, flies, grasshoppers, moths and other winged insects)

INSECTA
(true insects)

HEXAPODA
(insects and other 6-legged organisms)

ARTHROPODA
(arthropods)

EUMETAZOA
(metazoans)

ANIMALIA
(animals)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Invertebrates
(Invertebrates)

BioImages

BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 29 images of Phytomyza ilicis (Holly Leaf-miner, Holly Leaf Gall Fly)

The very common blotch mines on Holly leaves have recently been found to consist of more than one species, but the species involved have yet to be elucidated. The spiracles on the puparium may be sufficient to distinguish them but, as always, adult male genitalia will probably turn out to be the only safe way.

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