Sonchus (sow thistles)

Interactions where Sonchus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part	Summary	Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active State	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Summary
(live)	live is parasitised by uredium	Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Coleosporiaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Coleosporiaceae/Coleosporium tussilaginis/	Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus		uredium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live		Minor	uredium parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by subepidermal telium	Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Coleosporiaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Coleosporiaceae/Coleosporium tussilaginis/	Coleosporium tussilaginis	a rust fungus	subepidermal	telium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live		Minor	subepidermal telium parasitises live
(live)	live is parasitised by pycnium	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus		pycnium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live			pycnium parasitises live
inflorescence	inflorescence is galled by larva	Tephritis dilacerata	(A Gall Fly)	Diptera: Tephritidae	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Tephritis dilacerata/	Tephritis dilacerata	(a gall fly)		larva	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			inflorescence		larva causes gall of inflorescence
leaf (base of midrib)	leaf (base of midrib) may house puparium	Ophiomyia cunctata	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972 The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Spencer, K.A., 1976	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Ophiomyia cunctata/	Ophiomyia cunctata	a leaf-mining fly		puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf (base of midrib)		puparium may be found in leaf (base of midrib)
leaf (esp. basal) (live)	live leaf (esp. basal) is parasitised by hypophyllous telium	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	hypophyllous	telium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live	leaf (esp. basal)		hypophyllous telium parasitises live leaf (esp. basal)
leaf (esp. basal) (live)	live leaf (esp. basal) is parasitised by uredinoid, amphigenous aecium	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	uredinoid, amphigenous	aecium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live	leaf (esp. basal)		uredinoid, amphigenous aecium parasitises live leaf (esp. basal)
leaf (esp. basal) (live)	live leaf (esp. basal) is parasitised by hypophyllous uredium	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	hypophyllous	uredium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live	leaf (esp. basal)		hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf (esp. basal)
leaf (midrib, lamina)	leaf (midrib, lamina) is mined by larva	Ophiomyia beckeri	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Ophiomyia beckeri/	Ophiomyia beckeri	a leaf-mining fly		larva	Foodplant / miner	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf (midrib, lamina)		larva mines leaf (midrib, lamina)
leaf (midrib, lamina)	leaf (midrib, lamina) is mined by larva	Ophiomyia cunctata	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972 The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Spencer, K.A., 1976	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Ophiomyia cunctata/	Ophiomyia cunctata	a leaf-mining fly		larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf (midrib, lamina)		larva mines leaf (midrib, lamina)
leaf (midrib, lamina)	leaf (midrib, lamina) is mined by larva	Ophiomyia pulicaria	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Ophiomyia pulicaria/	Ophiomyia pulicaria	a leaf-mining fly		larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf (midrib, lamina)		larva mines leaf (midrib, lamina)
leaf (petiole at base)	leaf (petiole at base) may house puparium	Ophiomyia pulicaria	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Ophiomyia pulicaria/	Ophiomyia pulicaria	a leaf-mining fly		puparium	Plant / resting place / within		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf (petiole at base)		puparium may be found in leaf (petiole at base)
leaf	leaf is galled by larva	Cystiphora sonchi	a gall midge	Diptera: Cecidomyiidae	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Cystiphora sonchi/	Cystiphora sonchi	a gall midge		larva	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf		larva causes gall of leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Chromatomyia syngenesiae	Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Chromatomyia syngenesiae/	Chromatomyia syngenesiae	chrysanthemum leaf miner		larva	Foodplant / miner	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf		larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by often communal larva	Liriomyza sonchi	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Agromyzidae Newsletter No 3, August 2017, Anon, 2017 Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Liriomyza sonchi/	Liriomyza sonchi	a leaf-mining fly	often communal	larva	Foodplant / miner	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf	Sole	often communal larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Phytomyza marginella	a leaf-mining fly	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza marginella/	Phytomyza marginella	a leaf-mining fly		larva	Foodplant / miner		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf		larva mines leaf
leaf	leaf is mined by larva	Trypeta immaculata	Dandelion Leaf-miner	Diptera: Tephritidae	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Trypeta immaculata/	Trypeta immaculata	dandelion leaf-miner		larva	Foodplant / miner	Foreign	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			leaf		larva mines leaf
leaf (live)	live leaf is spotted by Ramularia anamorph	Spermosporina sonchi-oleracei	an anamorphic ascomycete	Plectosphaerellaceae	Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Plectosphaerellaceae/Spermosporina sonchi-oleracei/	Spermosporina sonchi-oleracei	an anamorphic ascomycete		Ramularia anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer	UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live	leaf		Ramularia anamorph causes spots on live leaf
root	root may be infected and damaged by Rhizoctonia anamorph	Helicobasidium purpureum	Violet Root Rot - causative organism	Helicobasidiales: Helicobasidiaceae	Fungal foes in your garden no 59: Violet root rot of Asparagus, Fox, R.T.V., 2006	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Helicobasidiales/Helicobasidiaceae/Helicobasidium purpureum/	Helicobasidium purpureum	violet root rot (causative organism)		Rhizoctonia anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles			root		Rhizoctonia anamorph infects and damages root
stem	stem is foodplant of larva	Cheilosia vernalis	a hoverfly	Diptera: Syrphidae	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe, Rotheray, G.E., 1993	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Syrphidae/Cheilosia vernalis/	Cheilosia vernalis	a hoverfly		larva	Foodplant / feeds on		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles	?		stem		larva feeds on stem
stem (live)	live stem is galled by larva	Phanacis sonchi	a gall wasp	Hymenoptera: Cynipidae	Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Phanacis sonchi/	Phanacis sonchi	a gall wasp		larva	Foodplant / gall		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live	stem		larva causes gall of live stem
stem (live)	live stem is parasitised by telium	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Miyagia pseudosphaeria/	Miyagia pseudosphaeria	a rust fungus		telium	Foodplant / parasite		/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Sonchus/	Sonchus	sow thistles		live	stem		telium parasitises live stem

Subtaxon	Rank	No of interactions
Sonchus arvensis Perennial Milk-thistle, Perennial Sow-thistle	Species	19 trophisms
Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle	Species	18 trophisms
Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle	Species	19 trophisms
Sonchus palustris Marsh Sow-thistle	Species	10 trophisms
Sonchus pinnatifidus a cultivated sow-thistle	Species	1 trophisms

Genus	Sonchus (sow thistles)
Tribe	Lactuceae (“dandelions”)
Subfamily	LACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
Family	ASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
Order	ASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

Sonchus L.
(sow thistles)

Interactions where Sonchus is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Sonchus is also a member of:

BioInfo - Wildlife Information (UK)

Author & Year	Title	Source
Anon, 2017	Agromyzidae Newsletter No 3, August 2017	Agromyzidae Recording Scheme Newsletter.
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995	Fungi of the South East England	383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963	Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VIII, Part 1 (a), 81pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Fox, R.T.V., 2006	Fungal foes in your garden no 59: Violet root rot of Asparagus	Mycologist Vol 19 (1): 46-47.
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Rotheray, G.E., 1993	Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Britain and Europe	Diperists Digest Dipterists Digest No. 9.
Spencer, K.A., 1972	Diptera: Agromyzidae	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Spencer, K.A., 1976	The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark	Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 5 (parts 1 and 2), 606pp, Scandinavian Science Press
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)
White, I.M., 1988	Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)	Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London