| BioInfo (UK) |
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BIOTA (living things) |
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Eukaryota (eukaryotes) |
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PLANTAE (plants) |
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SPERMATOPHYTA (vascular plants) |
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MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants) |
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Magnoliopsida is also a member of: |
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Macrophytes (via Spermatophyta) |
BioInfo (UK)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Further Information
| Lab. techniques | Examining and Identifying Pollen The following account describes a simple technique for collecting pollen from flowers and preparing it for microscopic examination. It is based on Appendix D of White, 1999. Materials: • Glycerine Jelly • Safranin in cellosolve [poisonous - do not swallow] • Alcohol: preferably isopropanol (=isopropyl alcohol) • Water Only small bottles of the above chemicals are required. The alcohol is used to de-wax the pollen. Isopropanol is preferred to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the latter is said to cause permanent contraction of the cytoplasm. Ether (diethyl ether) is even better but highly flammable and evaporates so readily that it's difficult to use and store; it's also much harder to obtain. • Laundry marker for labelling slides and pipettes • Clean glass microscope slides (say 10) • Coverslips • A slide box to hold the slides vertically, so that the surfaces do not touch. • A few disposable plastic pipettes. Obviously you'll need a compound ("slide") microscope, ideally with a x100 oil-immersion objective. A dissection microscope is also useful to check the progress of staining but has insufficient magnification to identify pollen. Disposable pipettes cost a few pence each. If you plan to reuse them, label with the reagent used - a laundry marker is ideal. If used carefully to avoid contamination they last for years. Preparation: The first thing is to prepare the slides for collecting pollen. We'll prepare glycerine jelly smears which are used to capture a thin layer of pollen. Glycerine jelly smears with pollen on all look the same, so label the slides before you start! Either stick on a blank slide label or write a number in the top left corner with the laundry pen. The other reason for labelling is that it is quite difficult to see which side of the slide the smear is on, and only too easy to smear the pollen on the wrong side - it is very annoying to watch all your pollen wash away as soon as you start the prep.! Put the labelled slides in the box. Warm the glycerine jelly by placing the bottle in a bath of hot water. (An old single portion beans can with the lid cut off is ideal.) When the jelly has melted, dip in a clean fingertip and make a large smear on a clean slide. Give it a few minutes to set, then wash and dry your finger and transfer a smear from this smear to the other slides (a smear from a smear). I do two fingerprint-sized smears on each slide, to give me two chances. The master slide is reusable for another batch of smears so put that in the box too. The smears will remain tacky for two to three weeks, depending on temperature, but they will last a whole summer if the box of slides is stored in a re-sealable polythene bag in the fridge. Collection of pollen from flowers: Collection of pollen is as simple as touching the anthers a few times against the smear. For many flowers this can be done in the field, although it may be necessary to remove a few petals. A pair of fine forceps is useful for this and for very small flowers which can be plucked and touched against the smear. Don’t worry about getting too much pollen; unless the smear is very thick, only a monolayer will stick. Sampling of pollen from insects: You could use the same technique to sample pollen load — even from the living insect, although the sample would be biased towards the pollen most recently collected. Or you could manually transfer the pollen onto the slide. A mounted needle dipped in glycerine jelly would even enable you to sample the pollen from specific hairs (taking care not to contaminate your glycerine jelly). Pollen may be extracted from honey by diluting in warm water, then filtering. A similar technique would give an unbiased sample from pollen load. It may help to first wet it with a little alcohol. Examining the pollen: It’s useful to have some 2" squares of paper tissue to hand (paper tissue cut into squares is fine, loo paper is too dusty) to soak up fluids, wipe spills etc. You'll also need a receptacle for waste tissue and to catch the washings; an old margarine carton is fine. Lab coat or old clothes are also recommended and you may want to protect the carpet. With a fine pipette, drip a few drops of isopropyl alcohol onto the smear and let them run off. Make sure the whole smear is wetted. This only takes a few moments and dewaxes the pollen. (This is when you find out if you put the pollen on the wrong side of the slide!) Soak up the excess with paper tissue, taking care not to touch the smear itself. Using a glass or smooth metal rod or fine pipette, add a drop of Safranin in cellosolve. It will initially form a discrete drop, but this will soon creep over the smear. Tilt the slide to help it run in the right direction. Leave for about 30 seconds or longer until the pollen is visibly red. Check this under a dissection microscope. Drip a few drops of water onto the smear and let them run off to remove unused stain. Soak up the excess with paper tissue as before, again taking care not to touch the smear itself. If the pollen is not sufficiently stained (ie grains not bright red), add another drop of stain and repeat. Insufficient staining is the most common reason for poor preps. Some pollens (eg umbellifers, pink family) stain more easily than others (eg borage family), so make sure they're as red as glacé cherries (which are dyed with another biological stain, Erythrosine, E127, but that's a different story). When sufficiently stained gently lower a coverslip onto your prep. and examine immediately. Don’t let the pollen dry out. The x10 objective is usually appropriate for gross structure, with x40 for surface detail; only the very smallest pollens (forget-me-nots!) require oil-immersion (x100). A green filter often makes the red-stained details stand out better, especially for photography. Try to avoid sliding the coverslip or crashing into it with the objective as this may cause the grains to clump or burst. White, 1999, describes how to prepare permanent mounts using aqueous mountant or glycerine jelly. Sawyer, 1981, and the related CD enable identification of pollens from most common flowers. A word of warning: safranin, like most microscopical stains, will stain most things it comes into contact with including fingers, worksurfaces and sinks. Glazed or stainless steel should be OK, but modern polymer or geological materials could be permanently marked. Finally, pollen is the most efficient contaminant known to science! Work clean. Keep slide boxes and chemical bottles closed when not in use. Wash slides and coverslips thoroughly before re-use. Acknowledgments: Thanks to David Rennison for helpful advice and discussions. References: Sawyer, R., 1981, Pollen Identification for Beekeepers, Cardiff Academic Press, ISBN 0 906449 29 4 (There is also an illustrated CD related to this. Both are available from Northern Bee Books) White, J., 1999, Pollen, its Collection and Preparation for the Microscope, NBS (available from Brunel Microscopes.) Suppliers: Brunel Microscopes, http://www.brunelmicroscopes.co.uk/ Northern Bee Books, http://www.beedata.com/beebooks.htm |
White, J., 1999 Sawyer, R., 1981 Storey, M.W., 2010 |
BioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk)
has 16627 images of MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Subtaxa
| Rank | Taxon |  |
 |
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|---|
| Subclass | EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants) | 983 | 571 | 31082 |
| Subclass | LILIIDAE (monocotyledonous flowering plants) | 310 | 267 | 6145 |
| Subclass | PRE-DICOTS (primitive angiosperms) | 4 | ||
| Order | AUSTROBAILEYALES (an order of pre-dicots) | 1 | ||
| Family | LAURALES (bay laurels) | 2 | 97 | |
| Order | MAGNOLIALES (magnolias) | 1 | 27 | |
| Order | NYMPHAEALES (water lilies and water shields) | 3 | 9 | 26 |
| Order | PIPERALES (birthworts and fish-plants) | 3 | ||
| Informal | (Climbing plants) (Climbing Plants) | 17 | 3 | 302 |
| Informal | (Succulent plants) (Succulent Plants) | 9 | 6 | 75 |
| Informal | (Tall Woody Herbs) (Tall Woody Herbs) | 126 | 44 | 3217 |
Suggested Literature
Identification Works
| British Wild Flowers: http://www.british-wild-flowers.co.uk/ | British Wild Flowers |
| Irish Wildflowers: http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/ | Irish Wildflowers |
| Wild Flowers of the British Isles: http://www.ukwildflowers.com/ | Wild Flowers of the British Isles |
| Crawley, M., 2005 | The Flora of Berkshire |
| Floral Images: http://www.floralimages.co.uk | Floral Images |
| Walk among the S-weeds: http://www.s-weeds.net/ | Walk among the S-weeds |
| Fisher, J., 1991 (Rare species) | A Colour Guide to Rare Wild Flowers |
| Garrard I. & Streeter D.T., 1998 | The Wild Flowers of the British Isles |
| Find Wild Flowers: http://www.botanicalkeys.co.uk/flora/ | Find Wild Flowers |
| Hayward, J., 1995 | A New Key to Wild Flowers |
| King, A., 1957 (Garden flowers) | The Observer's Book of Garden Flowers |
| Wild Plants of the British Isles: http://www.ukwildflowers.com | Wild Plants of the British Isles |
| Nelson, E.C., 2000 | Sea Beans & Nickar Nuts |
| Poland, J. & Clement, E., 2009 | The Vegetative Key to the British Flora |
| Rose, F. & O'Reilly, C., 2006 | The Wild Flower Key - How to identify wild flowers, trees and shrubs in Britain and Ireland |
| Rose, F., 1981 | The Wild Flower Key - British Isles - N.W. Europe |
| Stace, C., 2010 | New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 3) |
| Stokoe, W.J. | The Observer's Book of Wild Flowers |
| Leif & Anita Stridvall's Botanical Site: http://www.stridvall.se/la/index.php | Leif & Anita Stridvall's Botanical Site |
| Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut): http://users.skynet.be/jjw.myco.mons | Cercle de Mycologie de Mons (Belgique): (Page perso de JJ. Wuilbaut) |
Arable Plants | |
| Francis, S.A., 2009 | British Field Crops: a pocket guide to the identification, history and uses of arable crops in Great Britain |
| Wilson, P. & King, M., 2003 | Arable Plants - a Field Guide |
Drawings | |
| Fitch, W.H., Smith, W.G., et al, 1924 | Illustrations of the British flora |
| Ross-Craig, S., 1948 | Drawings of British Plants being Illustrations of the Species of Flowering Plants Growing naturally in the British Isles |
Garden plants | |
| Univerität Karlsruhe (TH) Botanischer Garten: http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/%7EBotanischer-Garten/Fotoarchiv/BG-Foto-Archiv/html | Univerität Karlsruhe (TH) Botanischer Garten |
Pollen | |
| Atlas Hymenoptera - pollens: http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/galerie/exploredb.aspx?parent=50 | Atlas Hymenoptera - pollens |
| Sawyer, R., 1981 | Pollen Identification for Beekeepers |
Techniques | |
| Bebbington, A. & J., 1996 | Describing Flowers |
General Works
| Darwin, C. | The Different forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species |
| Presland, J., 2005 | Racemose or cymose? - That's the question |
Aliens | |
| Morrien, E. et al, 2010 | Climate change and invasion by intracontinental range-expanding exotic plants: the role of biotic interactions |
Aquatic plants | |
| Preston, C.D. & Croft, J.M., 1997 | Aquatic plants in Britain and Ireland |
Classic literature | |
| Lubbock, J., 1899 | On Buds and Stipules |
Ecology | |
| Hopkins, J., 2003 | Some aspects of geology and the British Flora |
Journals | |
Plant pathology | |
| PRAs for consultation on pest risk management | Journal |
Nature conservation | |
| Everett, S., 2007 | British wild plants for wildlife schemes |
| Fitzgerald, R. & Wyse Jackson, M., 2005 | Telling the wood from the trees in Killarney |
| Pearman, D. & Walker, K., 2004 | Comment: Rare plant introductions in the UK: creative conservation or wildflower gardening? |
Plant pathology | |
| Crop Monitor: http://www.cropmonitor.co.uk/ (Pest and Disease activity in UK arable crops) | Crop Monitor |
| Netherlands Plant Protection Service - pest reports: http://www.vwa.nl/onderwerpen/english/dossier/pest-reporting/pest-reports | Netherlands Plant Protection Service - pest reports |
| Alford, D.V., 2011 | Plant Pests |
| Fletcher, H.J., 1976 | Some interesting pathogens of natural vegetation |
Viruses | |
| Plant Viruses Online: http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/refs.htm | Plant Viruses Online |
| Electron Micrographs of Plant Viruses: http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ppi/links/pplinks/virusems/ | Electron Micrographs of Plant Viruses |
Pollen | |
| Storey, M.W., 2010 | Examining and Identifying Pollen |
Regional studies | |
| Cooper, E.A. & Proctor, M.C.F., 1998 | Malham Tarn National Nature Reserve: The Vegetation of Malham Tarn Moss and Fens |
| Greenwood, E.F., 2005 | Changing Flora of the Lancaster Canal in West Lancashire (v.c. 60) |
| Proctor, M.C.F., 1974 | The Vegetation of Malham Tarn Fens |
Societies | |
| British Association of Nature Conservationists: http://www.banc.org.uk | British Association of Nature Conservationists |
UK NGO's | |
| BTCV - British Trust for Conservation Volunteers: http://www2.btcv.org.uk/ | BTCV - British Trust for Conservation Volunteers |
MAGNOLIOPSIDA may also be covered by literature listed under:
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BIOTA (living things) |
Eukaryota (eukaryotes) |
PLANTAE (plants) |
SPERMATOPHYTA (vascular plants) |
Feeding and other inter-species relationships
Associated with MAGNOLIOPSIDA:
| (live) | live may be infected and damaged by |
Ditylenchus dipsaci - Stem Eelworm, Stem and Bulb Eelworm |
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [affects over 400 different genera worldwide] | |
| (live) | live may have | Chaetanaphothrips orchidii - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | 
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Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 [in greenhouses] |
| (live) | live may have | Hercinothrips bicinctus - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | 
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 [in glasshouses] |
| (live) | live may have | Hercinothrips femoralis - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 [in glasshouses] |
| (live) | live may have female | Thrips tabaci - Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 |
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| (live) | live may have male | Thrips tabaci - Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 |
|
| (live) | live may have larva | Thrips tabaci - Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998, Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 |
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| (live, stunted, distorted) | live, stunted, distorted has sap sucked by | Brachycaudus helichrysi - Leaf-curling Plum Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| (rotten) | rotten may house imago | Euheptaulacus villosus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| (rotten) | rotten may house imago | Heptaulacus testudinarius - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| is foodplant of | Bagous tempestivus - a weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
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Morris, M.G., 2002 | |
| is foodplant of | Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis - a glasshouse thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
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Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [in glasshouses] | |
| is foodplant of | Taeniothrips atratus - Carnation Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [outdoors] | ||
| is foodplant of superficial, clustered pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph | Phoma glomerata - a coelomycete (Pleosporales) |
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Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 | |
| is foodplant of pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph | Phoma macrostoma - a coelomycete (Pleosporales) |
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Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 | |
| is foodplant of pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph | Phoma violacea - a coelomycete (Pleosporales) |
|
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 | |
| may be infected and damaged by | Arabis Mosaic virus - a phytopathogenic virus | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | ||
| has sap sucked by |
Gonocerus acuteangulatus - Box Bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae) |
|||
| has sap sucked by | Aphis fabae - Black Bean Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Rotheray, G.E., 1989 | ||
| has sap sucked by | Macrosiphum euphorbiae - Potato Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Rotheray, G.E., 1989 | ||
| has sap sucked by | Myzus ascalonicus - Shallot Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Rotheray, G.E., 1989 | ||
| has sap sucked by | Myzus ornatus - Violet Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998, Rotheray, G.E., 1989 |
||
| has sap sucked by | Myzus persicae - Peach-potato Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Rotheray, G.E., 1989 | ||
| has sap sucked by | Aulacorthum solani - Glasshouse and Potato Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Rotheray, G.E., 1989 | ||
| anther | anther is foodplant of adult | Orsodacne cerasi - a leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae) | Cox, M.L., 2007 | |
| bark, tree (young) | bark of tree (young) is foodplant of imago | Hylobius abietis - Pine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | Heritage, S & Moore, R., 2001 | |
| bases | bases may house | Aegialia arenaria - a scarab beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| bases | bases may house | Rhyssemus germanus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| corm | corm may contain | Blaniulus guttulatus - Spotted Snake Millipede (Iuliformia: Blaniulidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| debris (dead, decayed) | dead, decayed debris is decayed by fruitbody | Typhula hollandii - a minute club fungus (Agaricales: Typhulaceae) |
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Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [in fork of tree] |
| debris (dead, decaying) | dead, decaying debris is decayed by fruitbody |
Psathyrella spadiceogrisea - Spring Brittlestem (Agaricales: Psathyrellaceae) |
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | |
| debris (decaying) | decaying debris may contain larva |
Musca domestica - House-fly (Diptera: Muscidae) |
Fonseca, E.C.M.d'A., 1968 [esp. in refuse dumps] | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva |
Aphodius ater - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva | Aphodius distinctus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva |
Aphodius fimetarius - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva | Aphodius foetidus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 [on light soils] | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva | Aphodius granarius - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva |
Aphodius prodromus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva | Aphodius pusillus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may contain larva | Aphodius sphacelatus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago | Aphodius distinctus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago |
Aphodius fimetarius - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago | Aphodius foetidus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 [on light soils] | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may shelter larva | Aphodius putridus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 [in open, dry, sandy and chalky areas] | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago |
Aphodius ater - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago | Aphodius granarius - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago |
Aphodius prodromus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) |
Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago | Aphodius pusillus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago | Aphodius putridus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 [in open, dry, sandy and chalky areas] | |
| debris (decomposing) | decomposing debris may house imago | Aphodius sphacelatus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| debris (old, dead) | old, dead debris is decayed by fruitbody | Erythricium laetum - a resupinate basidiomycete (Polyporales: Phanerochaetaceae) |
|
Robinson, K., 2007 |
| debris, compost (decomposing) | decomposing debris, compost may contain larva | Aphodius subterraneus - a dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| flower (live) | live flower is foodplant of | Frankliniella intonsa - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| flower (live) | live flower is foodplant of male | Thrips atratus - Carnation Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| flower (live) | live flower is foodplant of female | Thrips atratus - Carnation Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| flower (live) | live flower is foodplant of larva | Thrips atratus - Carnation Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| flower (pollen) | flower (pollen) is visited for nectar and/or pollen by adult |
Chrysopidae - green lacewings (Neuroptera) |
Majerus, M. & Kearns, P., 1989 [feeds on pollen] | |
| flower | flower is foodplant of | Aeolothrips intermedius - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) |
|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago |
Alosterna tabacicolor - Tobacco-coloured Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) |
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Anastrangalia sanguinolenta - Blood-red Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Judolia sexmaculata - Three-banded Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Leptura aurulenta - Golden-haired Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by adult |
Leptura quadrifasciata - Four-banded Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) |
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by adult | Pachytodes cerambyciformis - Speckled Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Paracorymbia fulva - Tawny Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago |
Pseudovadonia livida - Fairy-ring Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) |
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago |
Rutpela maculata - Harlequin Longhorn, Black-and-yellow Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) |
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago |
Stenurella melanura - Black-striped Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) |
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Stenurella nigra - Small Black Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Stictoleptura rubra - Red Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Grammoptera abdominalis - Black Grammoptera (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by |
Grammoptera ruficornis - Common Grammoptera (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) |
Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Grammoptera ustulata - Burnt-tip Grammoptera (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) | Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | |
| flower | flower is visited for nectar and/or pollen by imago | Drymeia hamata - a muscid fly (Diptera: Muscidae) | 
|
Fonseca, E.C.M.d'A., 1968 |
| flower | flower is associate of imago |
Tenthredinidae - a family of sawflies (Hymenoptera) |
Benson, R.B., 1952 [feeds on insects] | |
| fruit | fruit may be infected and damaged by | Rhizopus stolonifer - a pin mould (Mucorales: Mucoraceae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [causes a pale brown rot, which extends rapidly and bears pin-mould sporophores.] | |
| growth (young) (stunted, distorted, scarred) | stunted, distorted, scarred growth (young) may be infected and damaged by | Aphelenchoides fragariae - Leaf Eelworm | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| leaf (crumpled, distorted) | crumpled, distorted leaf may be infected and damaged by | Aphelenchoides fragariae - Leaf Eelworm | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| leaf (dead, decayed) | dead, decayed leaf is decayed by fruitbody | Phlebiella paludicola - a resupinate fungus (Polyporales: Xenasmataceae) | Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [in marshes and fens] | |
| leaf (dead, fallen) | dead, fallen leaf is associate of fruitbody | Marasmius corbariensis - a parachute (Agaricales: Marasmiaceae) | Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | |
| leaf (dead, fallen, decayed) | dead, fallen, decayed leaf is decayed by fruitbody | Physalacria stilboidea - a chanterelle (Agaricales: Physalacriaceae) | Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | |
| leaf (live) | live leaf has sap sucked by | Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae - Water-lily Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [water plants] | |
| leaf (live) | live leaf is grazed by web-dwelling mainly hypophyllous, colonial | Tetranychus cinnabarinum - Carmine Spider Mite (Tetranychoidea: Tetranychidae) |
|
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [mainly indoors and in glasshouses. Causes fine light speckling or localised yellow spots on upper surface of leaf] |
| leaf (live) | live leaf is grazed by web-dwelling mainly hypophyllous, colonial | Tetranychus urticae - Twospotted Spider Mite, Red Spider Mite (Tetranychoidea: Tetranychidae) |
|
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [mainly indoors and in glasshouses. Causes fine light speckling or localised yellow spots on upper surface of leaf] |
| leaf (wet, decayed, among Sphagnum) | wet, decayed, among Sphagnum leaf is associate of apothecium | Pezoloma iodocyanescens - a discomycete (Helotiales: Leotiaceae) | Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998 [on wet leaves and other debris among Sphagnum] | |
| leaf-mine (end of) | leaf-mine (end of) may house puparium | Chromatomyia horticola - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae) | Spencer, K.A., 1972 | |
| leaf | leaf is foodplant of imago | Hylobius abietis - Pine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | Morris, M.G., 2002 | |
| leaf | leaf is mined by larva | Orthochaetes insignis - a weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
|
Morris, M.G., 2002 |
| leaf | leaf is mined by larva | Orthochaetes setiger - a weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | 
|
Morris, M.G., 2002 |
| leaf | leaf is mined by larva | Chromatomyia horticola - a leaf-mining fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae) | Spencer, K.A., 1972 [mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface] | |
| leaf | leaf is mined by larva | Chromatomyia syngenesiae - Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner (Diptera: Agromyzidae) | Spencer, K.A., 1972 [mine linear, whitish, both upper and lower surface] | |
| leaf | leaf is grazed by nocturnal larva |
Rhogogaster viridis - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) |
Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| leaf | leaf is grazed by nocturnal larva |
Tenthredo mesomelas - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) |
Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| leaves (dead, fallen, decayed) | dead, fallen, decayed leaves is decayed by fruitbody | Psathyrella noli-tangere - a brittlestem (Agaricales: Psathyrellaceae) | Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 [in wet places] | |
| litter (dead, decayed) | dead, decayed litter is decayed by fruitbody | Sistotrema subtrigonospermum - a basidiomycete fungus (Polyporales: Sistotremataceae) | Roberts, P., 1996 | |
| litter (decaying) | decaying litter is decayed by erumpent to superficial perithecium | Scopinella solani - an ascomycete fungus (Sordariales) | Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 | |
| petal | petal is foodplant of | Frankliniella occidentalis - Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 [mainly in glasshouses] |
| pollen grain (dead) | dead pollen grain is decayed by | Rhizophydium sphaerotheca - a chytrid (Chytridiales: Chytridiaceae) |
|
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of adult | Bruchidius olivaceus - a seed beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) | Cox, M.L., 2007 | |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of adult | Orsodacne cerasi - a leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae) | Cox, M.L., 2007 | |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of male | Thrips flavus - Yellow Flower-thrips, Honeysuckle Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of female | Thrips flavus - Yellow Flower-thrips, Honeysuckle Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of larva | Thrips flavus - Yellow Flower-thrips, Honeysuckle Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of female | Thrips fuscipennis - Rose Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of male | Thrips fuscipennis - Rose Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of larva | Thrips fuscipennis - Rose Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of male | Thrips major - Rubus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of female | Thrips major - Rubus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of larva | Thrips major - Rubus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976, Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of female | Thrips vulgatissimus - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 [mainly white flowered species], Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of male | Thrips vulgatissimus - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 [mainly white flowered species], Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen | pollen is foodplant of larva | Thrips vulgatissimus - a thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
|
Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 [mainly white flowered species], Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 |
| pollen? | pollen? is foodplant of adult |
Bruchus rufimanus - Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) |
Cox, M.L., 2007 | |
| pollen? | pollen? is foodplant of adult | Bruchus rufipes - a seed beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) | Cox, M.L., 2007 | |
| refuse | refuse may house imago | Oxyomus sylvestris - a scarab beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Jessop, L., 1986 | |
| root (live) | live root is parasitised by | Olpidium brassicae - a chytridiomycete fungus (Spizellomycetales: Olpidiaceae) | Webster, J., 1980 | |
| root | root is galled by | Meloidogyne - root-knot eelworms (Meloidogynidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| root | root is grazed by subterranean larva |
Otiorhynchus sulcatus - Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) |
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| root | root is grazed by | Longidorus - needle eelworms (Longidoridae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| root | root is grazed by | Xiphinema - dagger eelworms (Longidoridae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| root | root is grazed by | Trichodorus - stubby-root eelworms (Trichodoridae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| root | root may be infected and damaged by | Pratylenchus - root-lesion eelworms | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 [Plants become stunted, yellow, wilt and may die] | |
| root | root may be infected and damaged by Dematophora anamorph | Dematophora necatrix - an anamorphic fungus (Xylariales: Xylariaceae) |
|
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 [causes white rootrot of herbaceous crops] |
| root | root is decayed by | Helicobasidium longisporum - a ustilaginomycete (Helicobasidiaceae) | Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | |
| seed | seed has sap sucked by nymph | Rhyparochromus pini - a ground bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) | Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959 | |
| seed | seed has sap sucked by adult | Rhyparochromus pini - a ground bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) | Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959 | |
| stem (hollow) | hollow stem may house hibernating larva | Ametastegia glabrata - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) | Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| stem (hollow) | hollow stem may house hibernating prepupa? | Ametastegia glabrata - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) | Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| stem | stem may house hibernating prepupa | Protoemphytus tener - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) | Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| stick (dead) | dead stick is decayed by fruitbody | Coprinellus subdisseminatus - an inkcap (Agaricales: Psathyrellaceae) | Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | |
| tuber | tuber may contain | Blaniulus guttulatus - Spotted Snake Millipede (Iuliformia: Blaniulidae) | Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | |
| wood (soft) | soft wood may house hibernating larva | Ametastegia glabrata - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) | Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| wood (soft) | soft wood may house hibernating prepupa? | Ametastegia glabrata - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) | Benson, R.B., 1952 | |
| wood (soft) | soft wood may house hibernating prepupa | Protoemphytus tener - a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) | Benson, R.B., 1952 |
Magnoliopsida may be associated with more taxa listed at higher taxonomic level
|
PLANTAE (plants) |
SPERMATOPHYTA (vascular plants) |
References
| Benson, R.B., 1952 | Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b) |
| Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998 | Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants |
| Cox, M.L., 2007 | Atlas of the Seed and Leaf Beetles of Britain and Ireland |
| Dennis, R.W.G., 1995 | Fungi of the South East England |
| Duff, A. (Illust: Lewington, R.), 2006 | Identification - Longhorn Beetles: Part 1 |
| Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 | Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook |
| Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998 | Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook |
| Fonseca, E.C.M.d'A., 1968 | Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae |
| Heritage, S & Moore, R., 2001 | The Assessment of Site Characteristics as Part of a Management Strategy to Reduce Damage by Hylobius |
| Jessop, L., 1986 | Dung Beetles and Chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) |
| Kirk, W.D.J., 1996 | Thrips |
| Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 | Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota |
| Majerus, M. & Kearns, P., 1989 | Ladybirds |
| Morris, M.G., 2002 | True Weevils (Part I): Family Curculionidae, subfamilies Raymondionyminae to Smicronychinae |
| Mound L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M., 1976 | Thysanoptera |
| Roberts, P., 1996 | New British Records 128: Sistotrema subtrigonospermum D. P. Rogers |
| Robinson, K., 2007 | A Mycologist's Diary |
| Rotheray, G.E., 1989 | Aphid Predators |
| Sawyer, R., 1981 | Pollen Identification for Beekeepers |
| Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959 | Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles |
| Spencer, K.A., 1972 | Diptera: Agromyzidae |
| Storey, M.W., 2010 | Examining and Identifying Pollen |
| Webster, J., 1980 | Introduction to Fungi |
| White, J., 1999 | Pollen, its collection and preparation for the microscope |
