Lactarius Pers.
(milkcap toadstools)

Interactions where Lactarius is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is associate of larva Mydaea humeralis a muscid fly Diptera: Muscidae Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) Muscidae, Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968
/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Muscidae/Mydaea humeralis/Mydaea humeralisa muscid flylarva Fungus / associate /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstools larva is associated with
fruitbody is parasitised by Verticillium anamorph Hypomyces ochraceus an ascomycete Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Hypocreaceae/Hypomyces ochraceus/Hypomyces ochraceusan ascomyceteVerticillium anamorph Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsfruitbody Verticillium anamorph parasitises fruitbody
fruitbody is parasitised by sporangium Syzygites megalocarpus Toadstool Pin Mould Mucorales: Mucoraceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Zygomycota/Zygomycetes/Mucorales/Mucoraceae/Syzygites megalocarpus/Syzygites megalocarpustoadstool pin mouldsporangium Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsfruitbody sporangium parasitises fruitbody
(decaying) decaying basidiome is decayed by fruitbody Collybia cirrhata Piggyback Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia cirrhata/Collybia cirrhatapiggyback shankletfruitbody Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsdecayingbasidiome fruitbody is saprobic on decaying basidiome
(decaying) decaying basidiome is decayed by sclerotium Collybia tuberosa Lentil Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia tuberosa/Collybia tuberosalentil shankletsclerotium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsdecayingbasidiome sclerotium is saprobic on decaying basidiome
(mummified) mummified basidiome is decayed by fruitbody Collybia cirrhata Piggyback Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia cirrhata/Collybia cirrhatapiggyback shankletfruitbody Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsmummifiedbasidiome fruitbody is saprobic on mummified basidiome
(mummified) mummified basidiome is decayed by sclerotium Collybia tuberosa Lentil Shanklet Agaricales: Tricholomataceae Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005
/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/Tricholomataceae/Collybia tuberosa/Collybia tuberosalentil shankletsclerotium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsmummifiedbasidiome sclerotium is saprobic on mummified basidiome
(rotted) rotted fruitbody is decayed by subiculate perithecium Hypomyces ochraceus an ascomycete Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Hypocreaceae/Hypomyces ochraceus/Hypomyces ochraceusan ascomycetesubiculateperithecium Fungus / saprobe /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsrottedfruitbody subiculate perithecium is saprobic on rotted fruitbody
fruitbody fruitbody is parasitised by colony of Calcarisporium anamorph UK/Ireland Calcarisporium arbuscula an anamorphic fungus Hypocreales Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Calcarisporium arbuscula/Calcarisporium arbusculaan anamorphic funguscolonyCalcarisporium anamorph Fungus / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsfruitbody colony of Calcarisporium anamorph parasitises fruitbody
fruitbody fruitbody is parasitised by subiculate, gregarious perithecium Major Hypomyces viridis Green Gillgobbler Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998
/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Hypocreaceae/Hypomyces viridis/Hypomyces viridisgreen gillgobblersubiculate, gregariousperithecium Fungus / parasite /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsfruitbodyMajor subiculate, gregarious perithecium parasitises fruitbody
mycorrhiza mycorrhiza is parasitised by live root ForeignMinor Epipogium aphyllum Ghost Orchid Asparagales: Orchidaceae Ectomycorrhizal Inocybe species associate with the mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum but not its asexual propagules, Roy, M. et al, 2009
/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asparagales/Orchidaceae/Epipogium aphyllum/Epipogium aphyllumghost orchidliveroot Fungus / parasiteForeign /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Russulales/Russulaceae/Lactarius/Lactariusmilkcap toadstoolsmycorrhizaMinor live root parasitises mycorrhiza

Author & YearTitleSource
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1998Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 246pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1968Diptera: Cyclorrapha Calyptrata Sect (b) MuscidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 4(b), 119pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Roy, M. et al, 2009Ectomycorrhizal Inocybe species associate with the mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum but not its asexual propagulesAnn Bot 104: 595-610.

Lactarius (milkcap toadstools) may be included in 'feeds on' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Lactarius (milkcap toadstools) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa
No of
interactions
No of
references
Subgenus 3 subtaxa 14 trophisms 1 references
Subgenus 2 subtaxa 8 trophisms 1 references
Subgenus 1 subtaxa 6 trophisms
Subgenus 45 subtaxa 123 trophisms 16 references
Subgenus 7 subtaxa 21 trophisms 5 references
Subgenus 18 subtaxa 50 trophisms 8 references
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Species 3 trophisms
Taxonomic hierarchy:
GenusLactarius (milkcap toadstools)
FamilyRUSSULACEAE (milkcaps and russulas)
OrderRUSSULALES (an order of toadstools)
SubclassAGARICOMYCETIDAE (a subclass of basidiomycetes)
ClassAGARICOMYCETES (a class of fungi)
SubphylumAGARICOMYCOTINA (a subphylum of fungi)
PhylumBASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers, basidiomycetes)
KingdomFUNGI (true fungi)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Lactarius (milkcap toadstools)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Basso, M.T. 1999 Lactarius Fungi Europaei, Vol 7, 845pp, Mykoflora
Heilmann-Clausen, J., Verbeken, A. & Vesterholt, J. 1998 The Genus Lactarius Fungi of Northern Europe, Vol 2, 286pp, Danish Mycological Society
Kibby, G. 2015 British Milkcaps - Lactarius & Lactifluus 120pp
Kühner, R. & Romagnesi, H. 1953 Compléments a la "Flore analytique" II: Espéces nouvelles ou critiques de Lactarius Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France Tome LXIX, Fasc 4: 361-388.
() Marchand, A. 1971 Champignons du Nord et du Midi (9 volumes) over 2,000 in totalpp, Société Mycologique des Pyrénées Méditerranéenes
Marriott, J. (ed) 1997 *** Keys (Newsletter of the B.M.S. Key-Group) No 11 ***(Superseded) http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/library/keys/index-phpcid951/
Moreau, P.-A. 2006 Comments on B & K 6 illustrations of Lactarius and Russula Documents Mycologiques, Nouvelle série Vol 34: 144-148.
Pearson, A.A. 1950 *** The genus Lactarius ***(Superseded) The Naturalist, supplement, 20pp, Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union (YNU)
() Rayner, R.W., Watling, R. & Turnbull, E. 2005 Russulaceae: Lactarius British Fungus Flora, Vol 9, 203pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh

Lactarius (milkcap toadstools) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Reijnders, A.F.M. & Stalpers, J.A. 1992 The development of the hymenophoral trama in the Aphyllophorales and the Agaricales Stud. Mycol. No. 34.
Taylor, A.S. & Alexander, I. 2005 The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: life in the real world Mycologist Vol 19 (3): 102-112.

Nutrition

Hobbie, E.A., Hofmockel, K.S., van Diepen, L.T.A., Lilleskov, E.A., Ouimette, A.P. & Finzi, A.C. 2014 Fungal carbon sources in a pine forest: evidence from a 13C-labeled global change experiment FungEcol Vol 10: 91-100.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Lactarius (milkcap toadstools):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 771 images of Lactarius (milkcap toadstools)
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