Viola L.
(violets, pansies)

Interactions where Viola is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is foodplant of larva Orobitis cyanea Violet Weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations, Bullock, J.A., 1992
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Coleoptera/Curculionidae/Orobitis cyanea/Orobitis cyaneaviolet weevillarva Foodplant / feeds on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansies larva feeds on
is galled by larva Dasineura violae a gall midge Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Dasineura violae/Dasineura violaea gall midgelarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansies larva causes gall of
bud (live, distorted) live, distorted bud has sap sucked by Captivity Aulacorthum circumflexum Mottled Arum Aphid, Crescent-marked Lily Aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexum/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexummottled arum aphid, crescent-marked lily aphid Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansieslive, distortedbud Indoors, in greenhouse, captivity, culture or experimentally inducedsucks sap of live, distorted bud
flower bud (killed or weakened) killed or weakened flower bud may be infected and damaged by Aphelenchoides blastophthorus Scabious Bud Eelworm Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Nematoda/Secernentea/Aphelenchida/Aphelenchoididae/Aphelenchoides blastophthorus/Aphelenchoides blastophthorusscabious bud eelworm Foodplant / pathogen /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansieskilled or weakenedflower bud infects and damages killed or weakened flower bud
flower (live, distorted) live, distorted flower has sap sucked by Captivity Aulacorthum circumflexum Mottled Arum Aphid, Crescent-marked Lily Aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexum/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexummottled arum aphid, crescent-marked lily aphid Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansieslive, distortedflower Indoors, in greenhouse, captivity, culture or experimentally inducedsucks sap of live, distorted flower
growth (young) (stunted, distorted, scarred) stunted, distorted, scarred growth (young) may be infected and damaged by Major Aphelenchoides fragariae Leaf Eelworm Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Nematoda/Secernentea/Aphelenchida/Aphelenchoididae/Aphelenchoides fragariae/Aphelenchoides fragariaeleaf eelworm Foodplant / pathogen /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesstunted, distorted, scarredgrowth (young)Major infects and damages stunted, distorted, scarred growth (young)
leaf leaf is galled by Eriophyes violae a gall mite Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Arachnida/Trombidiformes/Eriophyidae/Eriophyes violae/Eriophyes violaea gall mite Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesleaf causes gall of leaf
leaf leaf is mined by larva Restricted Galiomyza violiphaga a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the Midlands, Robbins, R., 1990
Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Galiomyza violiphaga/Galiomyza violiphagaa leaf-mining flylarva Foodplant / miner /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesleafSole (summer)larva mines leaf
leaf leaf may have puparium Restricted Galiomyza violiphaga a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Galiomyza violiphaga/Galiomyza violiphagaa leaf-mining flypuparium Plant / resting place / on /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesleafSole puparium may be found on leaf
leaf leaf is galled by Peronospora violae Pansy Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Peronospora violae/Peronospora violaepansy downy mildew Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesleaf causes gall of leaf
leaf (fading) fading leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Septoria violae a coelomycete Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria violae/Septoria violaea coelomyceteepiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownishpycnidiumSeptoria coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesfadingleaf (8-9)epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading leaf
leaf (live, distorted) live, distorted leaf has sap sucked by Captivity Aulacorthum circumflexum Mottled Arum Aphid, Crescent-marked Lily Aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexum/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexummottled arum aphid, crescent-marked lily aphid Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansieslive, distortedleaf Indoors, in greenhouse, captivity, culture or experimentally inducedsucks sap of live, distorted leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is galled by communal larva Dasineura affinis Violet Leaf Midge Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Cecidomyiidae/Dasineura affinis/Dasineura affinisviolet leaf midgecommunallarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesliveleaf communal larva causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is galled by Major Myzus ornatus Violet Aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Myzus (Myzus) ornatus/Myzus (Myzus) ornatusviolet aphid Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesliveleafMajor causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by hypophyllous sporangium UK/IrelandRestricted Peronospora violae Pansy Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae Peronospora violae, Hall, G., 1980
A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Peronospora violae/Peronospora violaepansy downy mildewhypophylloussporangium Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesliveleafSole (10)11-)hypophyllous sporangium parasitises live leaf
leaf (yellow, transparent) yellow, transparent leaf may be infected and damaged by Major Aphelenchoides fragariae Leaf Eelworm Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Nematoda/Secernentea/Aphelenchida/Aphelenchoididae/Aphelenchoides fragariae/Aphelenchoides fragariaeleaf eelworm Foodplant / pathogen /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesyellow, transparentleafMajor infects and damages yellow, transparent leaf
ovary ovary is galled by larva Questionable [Calliopum aeneum agg.] a pair of similar lauxaniid flies Diptera: Lauxaniidae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Lauxaniidae/Calliopum aeneum agg./Calliopum aeneum agg.a pair of similar lauxaniid flieslarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansies?ovary larva causes gall of ovary
root (rotten) rotten root may be infected and damaged by oospore UK/Ireland Aphanomyces euteiches a water-mould Saprolegniales: Leptolegniaceae British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Saprolegniales/Leptolegniaceae/Aphanomyces euteiches/Aphanomyces euteichesa water-mouldoospore Foodplant / pathogenUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesrottenroot oospore infects and damages rotten root
stem stem is galled by Peronospora violae Pansy Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Peronospora violae/Peronospora violaepansy downy mildew Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesstem causes gall of stem
stem (live, distorted) live, distorted stem has sap sucked by Captivity Aulacorthum circumflexum Mottled Arum Aphid, Crescent-marked Lily Aphid Hemiptera: Aphididae Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Aphididae/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexum/Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexummottled arum aphid, crescent-marked lily aphid Foodplant / sap sucker /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansieslive, distortedstem Indoors, in greenhouse, captivity, culture or experimentally inducedsucks sap of live, distorted stem
stipule (fading) fading stipule is spotted by epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Septoria violae a coelomycete Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria violae/Septoria violaea coelomyceteepiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownishpycnidiumSeptoria coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola/Violaviolets, pansiesfadingstipule (8-9)epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading stipule

Author & YearTitleSource
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden PlantsCollins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Bullock, J.A., 1992Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations11a, 24pp, Amateur Entomologists’ Society
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Grove, W.B., 1935British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidiaVol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Hall, G., 1980Peronospora violaeI.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria CMI Descriptions of Pathenogenic Fungi and Bacteria Sheet 977.
Moore, W.C., 1959British Parasitic Fungi430pp, Cambridge University Press
Preece, T.F., 2002A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles33pp, British Mycological Society
Robbins, R., 1990A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the MidlandsBenchmark Atlas Series, 1991? edition, 181pp, Warwickshire Museum Service
Spencer, K.A., 1972Diptera: AgromyzidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

Viola (violets, pansies) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Subtaxon Rank Featured
subtaxa		 No of
interactions		 No of
references
Viola alba
Species 1 trophisms
Viola arvensis
Field Pansy
Species 4 trophisms
Viola canina
Heath Dog-violet
Species 1 subtaxa 14 trophisms
Viola cornuta
Horned Pansy
Species 9 trophisms
Viola cornuta x wittrockiana
violetta, bedding viola
Species hybrid 1 trophisms
Viola hirta
Hairy Violet
Species 16 trophisms 2 references
Viola hirta x odorata (V. x scabra)
a violet
Species hybrid 1 references
Viola kitaibeliana
Dwarf Pansy
Species 1 trophisms
Viola lutea
Mountain Pansy
Species 6 trophisms 1 references
Viola odorata
Sweet Violet
Species 15 trophisms 2 references
Viola palustris
Marsh Violet
Species 5 trophisms
Viola persicifolia
Fen Violet
Species 1 trophisms 1 references
Viola reichenbachiana
Early Dog-violet
Species 14 trophisms 2 references
Viola reichenbachiana x riviniana (V. x bavarica)
a violet
Species hybrid 1 references
Viola riviniana
Common Dog-violet, Blunt-spurred Violet
Species 15 trophisms 2 references
Viola rupestris
Teesdale Violet
Species 1 trophisms
Viola tricolor
Wild Pansy
Species 2 subtaxa 23 trophisms
Viola x wittrockiana (V. altaica x lutea x tricolor)
garden pansy
Species hybrid 12 trophisms
[Viola reichenbachiana/riviniana]
a violet
Informal 3 subtaxa 29 trophisms 5 references
[Viola sp. cult.]
cultivated violets
Informal 3 subtaxa 41 trophisms
Taxonomic hierarchy:
GenusViola (violets, pansies)
FamilyVIOLACEAE (violets, pansies)
OrderMALPIGHIALES (poplars, willows, St John’s worts, spurges and violets)
SubclassEU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Viola (violets, pansies)

Identification Works

Handling & MagnificationAuthorYearTitleSource
Anon. Viola Yeo, P.F. Acaena, taxa with spherical heads, Plant Crib 2012
Gregory, E.S. 1912 *** British Violets ***(Superseded) 130pp, W. Heffer & Sons Ltd, Cambridge

Viola (violets, pansies) may also be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

General Works

AuthorYearTitleSource
Britton, C.E. 1904 Floral variations among Surrey violets Journal of Botany 42: 140-148.

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may also be relevant to Viola (violets, pansies):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 196 images of Viola (violets, pansies)
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