[Viola sp. cult.]
(cultivated violets)

Interactions where [Viola sp. cult.] is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part		Summary			Taxon	Vernacular	Classification	References	Darwin Classification of Active Taxon	Active Taxon	Active Vernacular	Active Taxon Uncertain	Active State	Active Part	Active Stage	Relationship	Relationship Uncertain	Relationship Geography	Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon	Passive Taxon	Passive Vernacular	Passive Taxon Uncertain	Passive State	Passive Part	Passive Stage	Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon	Indoors etc	Season	Summary
(live)		live is parasitised by pycnium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				pycnium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live						pycnium parasitises live
leaf vein (live)		live leaf vein is galled by spore mass			Urocystis violae	Violet Smut	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/	Urocystis violae	violet smut				spore mass	Foodplant / gall		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf vein				(11-7)	spore mass causes gall of live leaf vein
leaf (curled, yellowed)		curled, yellowed leaf may be infected and damaged by			Cucumber Mosaic virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Cucumber Mosaic virus/	Cucumber Mosaic virus	a phytopathogenic virus					Foodplant / pathogen			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		curled, yellowed	leaf					infects and damages curled, yellowed leaf
leaf (fading)		fading leaf is spotted by epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph			Septoria violae	a coelomycete	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria violae/	Septoria violae	a coelomycete		epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		fading	leaf				(8-9)	epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is mined by larva			Scaptomyza flava	a fruit fly	Diptera: Drosophilidae	A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the Midlands, Robbins, R., 1990	/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Drosophilidae/Scaptomyza flava/	Scaptomyza flava	a fruit fly				larva	Foodplant / miner			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf		Rare			larva mines live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf has leaves shot holed by gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph			Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta violae/	Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete		gregarious, immersed	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / shot hole causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf				(5-9)	gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes shot holes on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph			Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete	Pleosporales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Ascochyta violae/	Ascochyta violae	a coelomycete		gregarious, immersed	pycnidium	Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf				(5-9)	gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is spotted by colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph			Alternaria violae	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus	Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 British Parasitic Fungi, Moore, W.C., 1959	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae/Alternaria violae/	Alternaria violae	a dematiaceous anamorphic fungus			colony	Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets	?	live	leaf					colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf has leaves shot holed by sessile, often confluent sporodochium of Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph			Myrothecium roridum	Viola Stem Rot - causative organism	Hypocreales	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Myrothecium roridum/	Myrothecium roridum	viola stem rot - causative organism		sessile, often confluent	sporodochium	Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / shot hole causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf				(6-7)	sessile, often confluent sporodochium of Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph causes shot holes on live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf					aecium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is galled by hypophyllous telium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust		hypophyllous		telium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf					hypophyllous telium causes gall of live leaf
leaf (live)		live leaf is parasitised by amphigenous uredium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust		amphigenous		uredium	Foodplant / parasite			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	leaf					amphigenous uredium parasitises live leaf
petal (hazy, indefinite patterned)		hazy, indefinite patterned petal may be infected and damaged by			Cucumber Mosaic virus	a phytopathogenic virus		Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Cucumber Mosaic virus/	Cucumber Mosaic virus	a phytopathogenic virus					Foodplant / pathogen			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		hazy, indefinite patterned	petal					infects and damages hazy, indefinite patterned petal
petiole (live)		live petiole is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	petiole					aecium causes gall of live petiole
petiole (live)		live petiole is galled by spore mass			Urocystis violae	Violet Smut	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/	Urocystis violae	violet smut				spore mass	Foodplant / gall		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	petiole				(11-7)	spore mass causes gall of live petiole
rootstock (upper parts) (live)		live rootstock (upper parts) is galled by spore mass			Urocystis violae	Violet Smut	Urocystidales: Urocystidaceae	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997 Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005 Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls, Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Ustilaginomycetes/Urocystidales/Urocystidaceae/Urocystis violae/	Urocystis violae	violet smut				spore mass	Foodplant / gall		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	rootstock (upper parts)				(11-7)	spore mass causes gall of live rootstock (upper parts)
stem (base) (dry, brittle)		dry, brittle stem (base) may be infected and damaged by abundant, sessile sporodochium of Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph			Myrothecium roridum	Viola Stem Rot - causative organism	Hypocreales	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants, Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Sordariomycetes/Hypocreales/Myrothecium roridum/	Myrothecium roridum	viola stem rot - causative organism		abundant, sessile	sporodochium	Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph	Foodplant / pathogen			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		dry, brittle	stem (base)					abundant, sessile sporodochium of Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph infects and damages dry, brittle stem (base)
stem (live)		live stem is galled by aecium			Puccinia violae	Violet Rust	Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota, Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	/Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia violae/	Puccinia violae	violet rust				aecium	Foodplant / gall			/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		live	stem					aecium causes gall of live stem
stipule (fading)		fading stipule is spotted by epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph			Septoria violae	a coelomycete	Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935	/Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Septoria violae/	Septoria violae	a coelomycete		epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish	pycnidium	Septoria coelomycetous anamorph	Foodplant / spot causer		UK and/or Eire	/Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Malpighiales/Violaceae/Viola sp. cult./	Viola sp. cult.	cultivated violets		fading	stipule				(8-9)	epiphyllous, numerous, scattered, brownish pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph causes spots on fading stipule

Author & Year	Title	Source
Buczacki, S. & Harris, K., 1998	Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants	Collins Photoguide, 2nd edition edition, Collins
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997	Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook	2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935	British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia	Vol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Legon, N.W. & Henrici, A. with Roberts, P.J., Spooner, B.M. & Watling, R., 2005	Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota	517pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Moore, W.C., 1959	British Parasitic Fungi	430pp, Cambridge University Press
Robbins, R., 1990	A Provisional Atlas of The Leaf Miners of Warwickshire, with notes on others occurring in the Midlands	Benchmark Atlas Series, 1991? edition, 181pp, Warwickshire Museum Service
Stubbs, F.B. (Editor), 1986	Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls	95pp, British Plant Gall Society (BPGS)

[Viola sp. cult.] (cultivated violets) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Viola
(violets, pansies)

EU-DICOTS
(dicotyledonous flowering plants)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Herbaceous Plants
(herbaceous plants)

Subtaxon				Rank	Featured subtaxa	No of interactions	No of references
Viola cornuta Horned Pansy				Species		9 trophisms
Viola cornuta x wittrockiana violetta, bedding viola				Species hybrid		1 trophisms
Viola x wittrockiana (V. altaica x lutea x tricolor) garden pansy				Species hybrid		12 trophisms

Taxonomic hierarchy:

Informal	[Viola sp. cult.] (cultivated violets)
Genus	Viola (violets, pansies)
Family	VIOLACEAE (violets, pansies)
Order	MALPIGHIALES (poplars, willows, St John’s worts, spurges and violets)
Subclass	EU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
Class	MAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
Phylum	TRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
Kingdom	PLANTAE (plants)
Domain	Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Life	BIOTA (living things)

[Viola sp. cult.] is also a member of:
Herbaceous Plants - herbaceous plants (via Violaceae)

[Viola sp. cult.] (cultivated violets) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Viola
(violets, pansies)

VIOLACEAE
(violets, pansies)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to [Viola sp. cult.] (cultivated violets):

Viola
(violets, pansies)

VIOLACEAE
(violets, pansies)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA
(flowering plants)

TRACHEOPHYTA
(vascular plants)

PLANTAE
(plants)

Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)

BIOTA
(living things)

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