Centaurea scabiosa L.
(Greater Knapweed)

Interactions where Centaurea scabiosa is the victim or passive partner (and generally loses out from the process)

The following relationships have been collated from the published literature (see 'Interaction References').

Filters:

Affected Part Summary Taxon Vernacular Classification References Darwin Classification of Active Taxon Active Taxon Active Vernacular Active Taxon Uncertain Active State Active Part Active Stage Relationship Relationship Uncertain Relationship Geography Darwin Classification of Passive Taxon Passive Taxon Passive Vernacular Passive Taxon Uncertain Passive State Passive Part Passive Stage Passive Taxon's significance to Active Taxon Indoors etc Season Summary
is foodplant of UK/Ireland Orthocephalus coriaceus a plantbug or grassbug Hemiptera: Miridae Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hemiptera/Miridae/Orthocephalus coriaceus/Orthocephalus coriaceusa plantbug or grassbug Foodplant / feeds onUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweed feeds on
(live) live is parasitised by sporangium UK/IrelandRare Bremia lactucae s. lat. Lettuce Downy Mildew Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles, Preece, T.F., 2002
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae/Bremia lactucae s. lat./Bremia lactucae s. lat.lettuce downy mildewsporangium Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveRare sporangium parasitises live
(live) live is parasitised by UK/Ireland Golovinomyces cichoracearum a powdery mildew Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews, Ing, B., 1990
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Erysiphales/Erysiphaceae/Golovinomyces cichoracearum/Golovinomyces cichoracearuma powdery mildew Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedlive parasitises live
(live) live is parasitised by pycnium Minor Puccinia calcitrapae a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia calcitrapae/Puccinia calcitrapaea rust funguspycnium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveMinor pycnium parasitises live
achene (live) live achene is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in galls of Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Pediaspidini (Hym., Cynipidae) in the West Palaearctic, Askew, R.R., Plantard, O., Gomez, J.F., Nieves, M.H. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., 2006
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveachene larva causes gall of live achene
capitulum capitulum may contain larva UK/IrelandRestricted Chaetorellia loricata a gall fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Chaetorellia loricata/Chaetorellia loricataa gall flylarva Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedcapitulumSole larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva Foreign Chaetostomella cylindrica a gall fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Chaetostomella cylindrica/Chaetostomella cylindricaa gall flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedcapitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva UK/IrelandRestricted Terellia ceratocera Horned Knapweed Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia ceratocera/Terellia ceratocerahorned knapweed flylarva Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedcapitulumSole larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva UK/IrelandRestricted Terellia colon a gall fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia colon/Terellia colona gall flylarva Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedcapitulumSole larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum may contain larva ForeignQuestionable Trupanea stellata Star-winged Ragwort Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Trupanea stellata/Trupanea stellatastar-winged ragwort flylarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweed?capitulum larva feeds within capitulum
capitulum capitulum is galled by larva UK/IrelandRestricted Urophora cuspidata Greater Knapweed Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora cuspidata/Urophora cuspidatagreater knapweed gall-flylarva Foodplant / gallUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedcapitulumSole larva causes gall of capitulum
capitulum capitulum is galled by larva Foreign Urophora quadrifasciata Four-banded Knapweed Gall-fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Urophora quadrifasciata/Urophora quadrifasciatafour-banded knapweed gall-flylarva Foodplant / gallForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedcapitulum larva causes gall of capitulum
capitulum (live) live capitulum may contain larva Foreign Acanthiophilus helianthi Knapweed Ghost Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Acanthiophilus helianthi/Acanthiophilus helianthiknapweed ghostlarva Foodplant / internal feederForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedlivecapitulum larva feeds within live capitulum
leaf (lower) (base of) (live) live leaf (lower) (base of) is galled by larva Isocolus fitchi a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus fitchi/Isocolus fitchia gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleaf (lower) (base of) larva causes gall of live leaf (lower) (base of)
leaf-mine leaf-mine may house loose puparium Restricted Phytomyza cinerea a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza cinerea/Phytomyza cinereaa leaf-mining flyloosepuparium Plant / resting place / within /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedleaf-mineSole loose puparium may be found in leaf-mine
leaf leaf is mined by communal larva Restricted Phytomyza cinerea a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Phytomyza cinerea/Phytomyza cinereaa leaf-mining flycommunallarva Foodplant / miner /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedleafSole communal larva mines leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by immersed oospore UK/Ireland Pustula obtusata s. str. a white rust Albuginales: Albuginaceae A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes), Thines, M. & Spring, O., 2005
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula obtusata s. str./Pustula obtusata s. str.a white rustimmersedoospore Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleaf (6-9)immersed oospore parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous sorus UK/Ireland Pustula obtusata s. str. a white rust Albuginales: Albuginaceae A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes), Thines, M. & Spring, O., 2005
 /Chromista/Oomycota/Peronosporea/Albuginales/Albuginaceae/Pustula obtusata s. str./Pustula obtusata s. str.a white rustmostly hypophylloussorus Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleaf (6-9)mostly hypophyllous sorus parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by amphigenous, punctiform to effuse colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foreign Ramularia centaureae-jaceae (An Anamorphic Fungus) Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia centaureae-jaceae/Ramularia centaureae-jaceae(an anamorphic fungus)amphigenous, punctiform to effusecolonyRamularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleaf amphigenous, punctiform to effuse colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by hypophyllous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foreign Ramularia centaureae-scabiosae (An Anamorphic Fungus) Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia centaureae-scabiosae/Ramularia centaureae-scabiosae(an anamorphic fungus)hypophyllouscolonyRamularia hyphomycetous anamorph Foodplant / spot causerForeign /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleaf hypophyllous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is spotted by usually hypophyllous colony of Ramularia anamorph UK/Ireland Ramularia triboutiana an anamorphic fungus Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol II, Braun, U., 1998
Fungi of the South East England, Dennis, R.W.G., 1995
Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Ramularia triboutiana/Ramularia triboutianaan anamorphic fungususually hypophyllouscolonyRamularia anamorph Foodplant / spot causerUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleaf usually hypophyllous colony of Ramularia anamorph causes spots on live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous telium Minor Puccinia calcitrapae a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia calcitrapae/Puccinia calcitrapaea rust fungusmostly hypophylloustelium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleafMinor mostly hypophyllous telium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by uredinoid, mostly epiphyllous aecium Minor Puccinia calcitrapae a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia calcitrapae/Puccinia calcitrapaea rust fungusuredinoid, mostly epiphyllousaecium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleafMinor uredinoid, mostly epiphyllous aecium parasitises live leaf
leaf (live) live leaf is parasitised by mostly hypophyllous uredium Minor Puccinia calcitrapae a rust fungus Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Basidiomycota/Pucciniomycetes/Pucciniales/Pucciniaceae/Puccinia calcitrapae/Puccinia calcitrapaea rust fungusmostly hypophyllousuredium Foodplant / parasite /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedliveleafMinor mostly hypophyllous uredium parasitises live leaf
phyllary (live) live phyllary is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedlivephyllary larva causes gall of live phyllary
root root is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in galls of Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Pediaspidini (Hym., Cynipidae) in the West Palaearctic, Askew, R.R., Plantard, O., Gomez, J.F., Nieves, M.H. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., 2006
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedroot larva causes gall of root
root root is parasitised by underground tuber UK/IrelandMajor Orobanche elatior Knapweed Broomrape, Tall Broomrape Lamiales: Orobanchaceae Flora of the British Isles, Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985
New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 2), Stace, C., 1997
 /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Lamiales/Orobanchaceae/Orobanche elatior/Orobanche elatiorknapweed broomrape, tall broomrapeundergroundtuber Foodplant / parasiteUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedrootMajor underground tuber parasitises root
stem stem may contain larva Melanagromyza dettmeri a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Melanagromyza dettmeri/Melanagromyza dettmeria leaf-mining flylarva Foodplant / internal feeder /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedstem larva feeds within stem
stem stem may house puparium Melanagromyza dettmeri a leaf-mining fly Diptera: Agromyzidae Diptera: Agromyzidae, Spencer, K.A., 1972
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Agromyzidae/Melanagromyza dettmeri/Melanagromyza dettmeria leaf-mining flypuparium Plant / resting place / within /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedstem puparium may be found in stem
stem stem may contain larva UK/IrelandRestricted Terellia plagiata Greater Knapweed Stem Fly Diptera: Tephritidae Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), White, I.M., 1988
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/Tephritidae/Terellia plagiata/Terellia plagiatagreater knapweed stem flylarva Foodplant / internal feederUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedstemSole larva feeds within stem
stem (dead, silvery-grey-spotted) dead, silvery-grey-spotted stem is decayed by gregarious, black pycnidium of Rhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph UK/Ireland Rhabdospora coriacea a coelomycete Capnodiales: Mycosphaerellaceae British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidia, Grove, W.B., 1935
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae/Rhabdospora coriacea/Rhabdospora coriaceaa coelomycetegregarious, blackpycnidiumRhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph Foodplant / saprobeUK and/or Eire /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweeddead, silvery-grey-spottedstem gregarious, black pycnidium of Rhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph is saprobic on dead, silvery-grey-spotted stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by immersed pseudothecium Nodulosphaeria centaureae an ascomycete Pleosporales: Phaeosphaeriaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Dothideomycetes/Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae/Nodulosphaeria centaureae/Nodulosphaeria centaureaean ascomyceteimmersedpseudothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweeddeadstem immersed pseudothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (dead) dead stem is decayed by erumpent apothecium Pirottaea brevipila a discomycete Helotiales: Dermateaceae Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook, Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997
 /Fungi/Ascomycota/Leotiomycetes/Helotiales/Dermateaceae/Pirottaea brevipila/Pirottaea brevipilaa discomyceteerumpentapothecium Foodplant / saprobe /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweeddeadstem (6)erumpent apothecium is saprobic on dead stem
stem (live) live stem is galled by larva Isocolus scabiosae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in galls of Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Pediaspidini (Hym., Cynipidae) in the West Palaearctic, Askew, R.R., Plantard, O., Gomez, J.F., Nieves, M.H. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., 2006
Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls), Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Isocolus scabiosae/Isocolus scabiosaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedlivestem larva causes gall of live stem
stem (live) live stem is galled by larva Phanacis centaureae a gall wasp Hymenoptera: Cynipidae Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in galls of Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Pediaspidini (Hym., Cynipidae) in the West Palaearctic, Askew, R.R., Plantard, O., Gomez, J.F., Nieves, M.H. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., 2006
 /Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Hymenoptera/Cynipidae/Phanacis centaureae/Phanacis centaureaea gall wasplarva Foodplant / gall /Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea scabiosa/Centaurea scabiosagreater knapweedlivestem larva causes gall of live stem

Author & YearTitleSource
Askew, R.R., Plantard, O., Gomez, J.F., Nieves, M.H. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., 2006Catalogue of parasitoids and inquilines in galls of Aylacini, Diplolepidini and Pediaspidini (Hym., Cynipidae) in the West PalaearcticZootaxa 1301.
Braun, U., 1998Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera - Vol IIPhytopathogenic Hyphomycetes, 2, 493pp, IHW-Verlag
Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M., 1985Flora of the British Isles3 edition, 688pp, Cambridge University Press
Dennis, R.W.G., 1995Fungi of the South East England383pp, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Eady R.D. & Quinlan, J., 1963Hymenoptera - Cynipoidea, Key to families and subfamilies and Cynipinae (including galls)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol VIII, Part 1 (a), 81pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Ellis, M.B. & J.P., 1997Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook2nd (New Enlarged) edition, 868pp, The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd
Grove, W.B., 1935British Stem- and Leaf- Fungi: Coelomycetes Vol. I … Sphaeropsidales with hyaline conidiaVol I, 488pp, Cambridge University Press
Ing, B., 1990An Introduction to British Powdery MildewsMycologist Vol 4 (1) et seq.
Preece, T.F., 2002A Checklist of the Downy Mildews (Peronosporaceae) of the British Isles33pp, British Mycological Society
Southwood, T.R.E. & Leston, D., 1959Land and Water Bugs of the British IslesWayside & Woodland Series, 1959 edition, 436pp, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd.
Spencer, K.A., 1972Diptera: AgromyzidaeHandbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol X. Part 5(g), 136pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London
Stace, C., 1997New Flora of the British Isles (Ed 2)Second edition edition, 1130pp, Cambridge University Press
Thines, M. & Spring, O., 2005A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes)Mycotaxon 92: 443-458.
White, I.M., 1988Tephritid Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects , Vol 10. Part 5a, 134pp, The Royal Entomological Society of London

Centaurea scabiosa (Greater Knapweed) may also be included in 'fed on by' relations listed under the following higher taxa:

Taxonomic hierarchy:
SpeciesCentaurea scabiosa (Greater Knapweed)
GenusCentaurea (knapweeds and star-thistles)
TribeCardueae (“thistles”)
SubfamilyLACTUCOIDEAE (“dandelions”)
FamilyASTERACEAE (daisies, dandelions and thistles, composite)
OrderASTERALES (daisies, dandelions, thistles and bell flowers)
SubclassEU-DICOTS (dicotyledonous flowering plants)
ClassMAGNOLIOPSIDA (flowering plants)
PhylumTRACHEOPHYTA (vascular plants)
KingdomPLANTAE (plants)
DomainEukaryota (eukaryotes)
LifeBIOTA (living things)
NBNNBN (data.nbn.org.uk) has a distribution map for Centaurea scabiosa (Greater Knapweed)

Centaurea scabiosa (Greater Knapweed) may be included in identification literature listed under the following higher taxa:

Literature listed under the following higher taxa may be relevant to Centaurea scabiosa (Greater Knapweed):

BioImagesBioImages (www.bioimages.org.uk) has 25 images of Centaurea scabiosa (Greater Knapweed)
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